Microorganisms for diterpene production

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism comprising one or more nucleotide sequence(s) encoding: a polypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity; a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene synthase activity; a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene oxidase activity; and a polypeptide having kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity, whereby expression of the nucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) on the microorganism the ability to produce at least steviol. The recombinant microorganism may also be capable of expressing one or more UDP-glucosyltransferases such that the microorganism is capable of producing one or more steviol glycosides.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for the extracellularproduction of a diterpene and/or a glycosylated diterpene using arecombinant microorganism. The invention further relates to afermentation broth comprising a diterpene and/or glycosylated diterpeneobtainable by such a process.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The worldwide demand for high potency sweeteners is increasing and, withblending of different artificial sweeteners, becoming a standardpractice. However, the demand for alternatives is expected to increase.The leaves of the perennial herb, Stevia rebaudiana Bert., accumulatequantities of intensely sweet compounds known as steviol glycosides.Whilst the biological function of these compounds is unclear, they havecommercial significance as alternative high potency sweeteners, with theadded advantage that Stevia sweeteners are natural plant products.

These sweet steviol glycosides have functional and sensory propertiesthat appear to be superior to those of many high potency sweeteners. Inaddition, studies suggest that stevioside can reduce blood glucoselevels in Type II diabetics and can reduce blood pressure in mildlyhypertensive patients.

Steviol glycosides accumulate in Stevia leaves where they may comprisefrom 10 to 20% of the leaf dry weight. Stevioside and rebaudioside A areboth heat and pH stable and suitable for use in carbonated beverages andmany other foods. Stevioside is between 110 and 270 times sweeter thansucrose, rebaudioside A between 150 and 320 times sweeter than sucrose.In addition, rebaudioside D is also a high-potency diterpene glycosidesweetener which accumulates in Stevia leaves. It may be about 200 timessweeter than sucrose

Currently, steviol glycosides are extracted from the Stevia plant. InStevia, (−)-kaurenoic acid, an intermediate in gibberellic acid (GA)biosynthesis, is converted into the tetracyclic dipterepene steviol,which then proceeds through a multi-step glucosylation pathway to formthe various steviol glycosides. However, yields may be variable andaffected by agriculture and environmental conditions. Also, Steviacultivation requires substantial land area, a long time prior toharvest, intensive labour and additional costs for the extraction andpurification of the glycosides.

New, more standardized, clean single composition, no after-taste,sources of glycosides are required to meet growing commercial demand forhigh potency, natural sweeteners.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In Stevia, steviol is synthesized from GGPP, which is formed by thedeoxyxylulose 5-phosphate pathway. The activity of two diterpenecyclases (−)-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) and (−)-kaurene synthase(KS) results in the formation of (−)-Kaurene which is then oxidized in athree step reaction by (−)-kaurene oxidase (KO) to form (−)-kaurenoicacid.

In Stevia leaves, (−)-kaurenoic acid is then hydroxylated, byent-kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase (KAH) to form steviol. Steviol is thenglucosylated by a series of UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs).

This invention relates to a microorganism capable of producing aditerpene, such as steviol, or a glycosylated diterpene (i.e. aditerpene glycoside), such as steviolmonoside, steviolbioside,stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudiosideD, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rubusoside or dulcoside A.

In co-pending patent application WO2013/110673, recombinantmicroorganisms are described which are capable of the production ofditerpenes or diterpene glycosides. Herein, are described recombinantmicroorganisms which comprise additional modifications, in particularthe down-regulation of one or more genes, which lead to increased levelsof production of a diterpene or diterpene glycoside.

According to the invention, there is thus provided a recombinantmicroorganism comprising one or more nucleotide sequence(s) encoding:

a polypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity;

a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene synthase activity;

a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene oxidase activity; and

a polypeptide having kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity,

whereby expression of the nucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) on themicroorganism the ability to produce at least steviol, and

wherein said recombinant microorganism has been modified in its genomesuch that it results in a deficiency in the production of one or moreof:

-   -   (i) a phosphatase capable of acting on        geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) resulting in the formation of        geranylgeraniol (GOH);    -   (ii) a phosphatase capable of acting on farnesylpyrophosphate        (FPP) resulting in the formation of farnesol and nerolidol;    -   (iii) an exo-1,3-β glucanase;    -   (iv) a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide that influences        glycogen accumulation);    -   (v) a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic genes    -   (vi) an NADPH oxidase; or    -   (vii) a monocarboxylate transporter    -   (viii) a polypeptide encoded by the open reading frame, YJL064w;        or    -   (ix) a polypeptide encoded by open reading frame, YPL062w.

One or more of these modifciations ultimately resulting in improvedproduction of diterpene and or diterpene glycosides in the metabolicallyengineered strain

The invention also relates to such a recombinant microorganism, whereinsaid recombinant microorganism has been modified in its genome such thatit results in a deficiency in the production of one or more of:

(i) a phosphatase capable of acting on geranylgeranylpyrophosphate(GGPP) resulting in the formation of geranylgeraniol (GOH) comprising anamino acid sequence having at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQID NO: 225;

(ii) a phosphatase capable of acting on farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP)resulting in the formation of farnesol and nerolidol comprising an aminoacid sequence having at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQ IDNO: 227;

(iii) an exo-1,3-β glucanase comprising an amino acid sequence having atleast about 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 229 or 231;

(iv) a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide that influences glycogenaccumulation) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 233, 235 or 250;

(v) a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic genes comprising an aminoacid sequence having at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQ IDNO: 237;

(vi) an NADPH oxidase comprising an amino acid sequence having at leastabout 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:239;

(vii) a monocarboxylate transporter comprising an amino acid sequencehaving at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:241;

(viii) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for by the open readingframe YJL064w comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 243; or

(ix) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for by the open readingframe YJL062w comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 245.

The invention further relates to a recombinant microorganism of theinvention, wherein said recombinant microorganism has been modified inits genome in at least one position of one or more of

(i) a nucleic acid encoding a phosphatase capable of acting ongeranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) resulting in the formation ofgeranylgeraniol (GOH) which comprises a nucleic acid sequence having atleast about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 224;

(ii) a nucleic acid encoding a phosphatase capable of acting onfarnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) resulting in the formation of farnesol andnerolidol which comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least about60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 226;

(iii) a nucleic acid encoding an exo-1,3-β glucanase which comprises anucleic acid sequence having at least about 60% sequence identity withSEQ ID NO: 228 or 230;

(iv) a nucleic acid encoding a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide thatinfluences glycogen accumulation) which comprises a nucleic acidsequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:232, 234 or 249;

(v) a nucleic acid encoding a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic geneswhich comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 60%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:236;

(vi) a nucleic acid encoding an NADPH oxidase which comprises a nucleicacid sequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ IDNO: 238;

(vii) a nucleic acid encoding a monocarboxylate transporter whichcomprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 60% sequenceidentity with SEQ ID NO: 240;

(viii) a nucleic acid encoding polypeptide having activity as encodedfor by the open reading frame YJL064w comprising an amino acid sequencehaving at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 242; or

(ix) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having activity as encodedfor by the open reading frame YJL062w comprising an amino acid sequencehaving at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 244.

A microorganism may have one or two or more of such modifications.

The invention also provides a recombinant microorganism of theinvention, wherein the microorganism comprises one or more nucleotidesequence(s) encoding one or more polypeptides havingUDP-glucosyltransferase activity (UGT),

whereby expression of the nucleotide sequence confers on themicroorganism the ability to produce at least one of steviolmonoside,steviolbioside, stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudiosideC, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rubusoside ordulcoside A.

The invention also provides:

a process for the preparation of a diterpene or glycosylated diterpenewhich comprises fermenting a recombinant microorganism of the inventionin a suitable fermentation medium, and optionally recovering thediterpene or glycosylated diterpene;

a process for the preparation of a diterpene or glycosylated diterpenewhich process comprises fermenting a recombinant microorganism capableof producing a diterpene or glycosylate diterpene in a suitablefermentation medium at a temperature of about 29° C. or less, andoptionally recovering the diterpene or glycosylated diterpene;

a fermentation broth comprising a diterpene or glycosylated diterpeneobtainable by the process of the invention;

a diterpene or glycosylated diterpene obtained by a process according tothe invention or obtainable from a fermentation broth according to theinvention;

a diterpene or glycosylated diterpene according to the invention whichis rebaudioside A or rebaudioside D; and

a foodstuff, feed or beverage which comprises a diterpene orglycosylated diterpene according to the invention.

Also provided by the invention is a method for converting a firstglycosylated diterpene into a second glycosylated diterpene, whichmethod comprises:

contacting said first glycosylated diterpene with a microorganismaccording to the invention, a cell free extract derived from such amicroorganism or an enzyme preparation derived from either thereof,

thereby to convert the first glycosylated diterpene into the secondglycosylated diterpene.

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with thecolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 sets out a schematic representation of the plasmid pUG7-EcoRV.

FIG. 2 sets out a schematic representation of the method by which theERG20, tHMG1 and BTS1 over-expression cassettes are designed (A) andintegrated (B) into the yeast genome. (C) shows the final situationafter removal of the KANMX marker by the Cre recombinase.

FIG. 3 sets out a schematic representation of the ERG9 knock downconstruct. This consists of a 500 bp long 3′ part of ERG9, 98 bp of theTRP1 promoter, the TRP1 open reading frame and terminator, followed by a400 bp long downstream sequence of ERG9. Due to introduction of a XbaIsite at the end of the ERG9 open reading frame the last amino acidchanges into Ser and the stop codon into Arg. A new stop codon islocated in the TPR1 promoter, resulting in an extension of 18 aminoacids.

FIG. 4 sets out a schematic representation of how UGT2 is integratedinto the genome. A. different fragments used in transformation; B.situation after integration; C. situation after expression of Crerecombinase.

FIG. 5 sets out a schematic representation of how the pathway from GGPPto RebA is integrated into the genome. A. different fragments used intransformation; B. situation after integration.

FIG. 6 sets out a schematic representation of how specific genedeletions are constructed. A. genome in the parent strain; B. situationafter integration; C. situation after out-recombination

FIG. 7 sets out a schematic diagram of the potential pathways leading tobiosynthesis of steviol glycosides.

FIG. 8 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB6969.

FIG. 9 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB6856.

FIG. 10 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB6857.

FIG. 11 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB6948.

FIG. 12 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB6958.

FIG. 13 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB7015.

FIG. 14 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB6986.

FIG. 15 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB7059.

FIG. 16 sets out a schematic diagram of plasmid pMB4691.

FIG. 17 sets out a schematic diagram of the disruption of the GSY1 gene.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

A description of the sequences is set out in Table 1. Sequencesdescribed herein may be defined with reference to the sequence listingor with reference to the database accession numbers also set out inTable 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Throughout the present specification and the accompanying claims, thewords “comprise”, “include” and “having” and variations such as“comprises”, “comprising”, “includes” and “including” are to beinterpreted inclusively. That is, these words are intended to convey thepossible inclusion of other elements or integers not specificallyrecited, where the context allows.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to morethan one (i.e. to one or at least one) of the grammatical object of thearticle. By way of example, “an element” may mean one element or morethan one element.

The invention relates to a recombinant microorganism that is capable ofproducing a diterpene or a glycosylated diterpene, typically steviol ora steviol glycoside respectively. For the purposes of this invention, aditerpene typically means an organic compound composed of four isopreneunits. Such a compound may be derived from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.A glycosylated diterpene or diterpene glycoside is a diterpene in whicha sugar is bound, typically to a non-carbohydrate moiety. Typically, ina diterpene glycoside, the sugar group may be bonded through itsanomeric carbon to another group via a glycosidic bond. A preferredditerpene and diterpene glycoside is steviol and steviol glycosiderespectively. Thus, in particular, the invention relates to arecombinant microorganism which is capable of producing steviol or asteviol glycoside.

According to the invention, there is provided a recombinantmicroorganism. The recombinant microorganism comprises one or morenucleotide sequence(s) encoding:

-   -   a polypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase        activity;    -   a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene synthase activity;    -   a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene oxidase activity; and    -   a polypeptide having kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity,

whereby expression of the nucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) on themicroorganism the ability to produce at least steviol.

Critically, said recombinant microorganism is modified in its genomesuch that it results in a deficiency in the production of one or moreof:

-   -   (i) a phosphatase capable of acting on        geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) resulting in the formation of        geranylgeraniol (GOH);    -   (ii) a phosphatase capable of acting on farnesylpyrophosphate        (FPP) resulting in the formation of farnesol and nerolidol;    -   (iii) an exo-1,3-β glucanase;    -   (iv) a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide that influences        glycogen accumulation);    -   (v) a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic genes (ROX1)    -   (vi) an NADPH oxidase; or    -   (vii) a monocarboxylate transporter (JEN1)    -   (viii) a polypeptide having the activity encoded for by the open        reading frame, YJL064w; or    -   (ix) a polypeptide having the activity encoded for by open        reading frame, YPL062w.

A deficiency in production of one or more of the above leads to higherproduction of a diterpene or diterpene glycoside as compared with arecombinant microorganism which does not have the said deficiency inproduction.

A phosphatase capable of acting on geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP)resulting in the formation of geranylgeraniol (GOH) may be anypolypeptide which has that said activity, for example a diacylglycerolpyrophosphate phosphatase, such as that encoded by DPP1 (YDR284C).

A phosphatase capable of acting on farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) resultingin the formation of farnesol and nerolidol may be any polypeptide whichhas that said activity, for example a lipid phosphate phosphatase, suchas that encoded by the LPP1 gene

(YDR503C).

An exo-1,3-β-glucanase may be any polypeptide which has that saidactivity, for example that encoded by the EXG1 (YLR300W) or EXG2(YDR261C) genes.

A glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide that influences glycogenaccumulation) may be any polypeptide which has that said activity, forexample that encoded by the GSY1 (YFR015C or YALI0F18502) or GSY2(YLR258W) genes.

A transcriptional repressor of hypoxic genes may be any polypeptidewhich has that said activity, for example that encoded by the ROX1 gene(YPR065W).

An NADPH oxidase may be any polypeptide which has that said activity,for example that encoded by the YNO1 (YGL160W) gene.

A monocarboxylate transporter may be any polypeptide which has that saidactivity, for example that encoded by the JEN1 gene.

A polypeptide having the activity encoded by the open reading frameYJL064w may be any polypeptide which has that said activity.

A polypeptide having the activity encoded by open reading frame YPL062wmay be any polypeptide which has that said activity.

The open reading frames and genes referred to herein may be identifiedat the Saccharomyces Genome Database (http://www.yeastgenome.com).

The invention also relates to such a recombinant microorganism, whereinsaid recombinant microorganism has been modified in its genome such thatit results in a deficiency in the production of one or more of:

(i) a phosphatase capable of acting on geranylgeranylpyrophosphate(GGPP) resulting in the formation of geranylgeraniol (GOH) comprising anamino acid sequence having at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQID NO: 225;

(ii) a phosphatase capable of acting on farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP)resulting in the formation of farnesol and nerolidol comprising an aminoacid sequence having at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQ IDNO: 227;

(iii) an exo-1,3-β glucanase comprising an amino acid sequence having atleast about 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 229 or 231;

(iv) a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide that influences glycogenaccumulation) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 233, 235 or 250;

(v) a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic genes comprising an aminoacid sequence having at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQ IDNO: 237;

(vi) an NADPH oxidase comprising an amino acid sequence having at leastabout 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:239;

(vii) a monocarboxylate transporter comprising an amino acid sequencehaving at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:241;

(viii) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for by the open readingframe YJL064w comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 243; or

(ix) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for by the open readingframe YJL062w comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 245.

The invention also relates to such a recombinant microorganism, whereinsaid recombinant microorganism has been modified in its genome such thatit results in a deficiency in the production of one or more of:

(i) a nucleic acid encoding a phosphatase capable of acting ongeranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) resulting in the formation ofgeranylgeraniol (GOH) which comprises a nucleic acid sequence having atleast about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 224;

(ii) a nucleic acid encoding a phosphatase capable of acting onfarnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) resulting in the formation of farnesol andnerolidol which comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least about60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 226;

(iii) a nucleic acid encoding an exo-1,3-β glucanase which comprises anucleic acid sequence having at least about 60% sequence identity withSEQ ID NO: 228 or 230;

(iv) a nucleic acid encoding a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide thatinfluences glycogen accumulation) which comprises a nucleic acidsequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:232, 234 or 249;

(v) a nucleic acid encoding a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic geneswhich comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 60%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:236;

(vi) a nucleic acid encoding an NADPH oxidase which comprises a nucleicacid sequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ IDNO: 238;

(vii) a nucleic acid encoding a monocarboxylate transporter whichcomprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 60% sequenceidentity with SEQ ID NO: 240;

(viii) a nucleic acid encoding polypeptide having activity as encodedfor by the open reading frame YJL064w comprising an amino acid sequencehaving at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 242; or

(ix) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having activity as encodedfor by the open reading frame YJL062w comprising an amino acid sequencehaving at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 244.

A recombinant microorganism may comprise one, two, three, four, five,six, seven, eight or all of the modifications described above. Arecombinant microorganism may comprise any combination of two or more ofthe modifications described above.

Deficiency of a recombinant microorganism in the production of at leastone of the polypeptides referred to herein is defined as a phenotypicfeature wherein the cell, due to modification in the genome: a) producesless of the polypeptide and/or b) has a reduced expression level of themRNA transcribed from a gene encoding the polypeptide and/or c) producesa polypeptide having a decreased protein activity or decreased specificprotein activity and/or d) produces less of a product produced by thepolypeptide and combinations of one or more of these possibilities ascompared to a recombinant microorganism that has not been modified inits genome according to the invention, when analysed under substantiallyidentical conditions.

In this context a gene is herewith defined as a polynucleotidecontaining an open reading frame (ORF) together with its transcriptionalcontrol elements (promoter and terminator), the ORF being the region onthe gene that will be transcribed and translated into the proteinsequence.

Therefore deficiency of a microbial host cell may be measured bydetermining the amount and/or (specific) activity of the relevantpolypeptide produced by the recombinant microorganism modified in itsgenome and/or it may be measured by determining the amount of mRNAtranscribed from a gene encoding the polypeptide and/or it may bemeasured by determining the amount of a product produced by thepolypeptide in a recombinant microorganism modified in its genome asdefined above and/or it may be measured by gene or genome sequencing ifcompared to the parent host cell which has not been modified in itsgenome. Deficiency in the production of a polypeptide can be measuredusing any assay available to the skilled person, such as transcriptionalprofiling, Northern blotting RT-PCR, Q-PCR and Western blotting.

Modification of a genome of a recombinant microorganism is hereindefined as any event resulting in a change in a polynucleotide sequencein the genome of the cell. A modification is construed as one or moremodifications. Modification can be introduced by classical strainimprovement, random mutagenesis followed by selection. Modification maybe accomplished by the introduction (insertion), substitution or removal(deletion) of one or more nucleotides in a nucleotide sequence. Thismodification may for example be in a coding sequence or a regulatoryelement required for the transcription or translation of thepolynucleotide. For example, nucleotides may be inserted or removed soas to result in the introduction of a stop codon, the removal of a startcodon or a change or a frame-shift of the open reading frame of a codingsequence. The modification of a coding sequence or a regulatory elementthereof may be accomplished by site-directed or random mutagenesis, DNAshuffling methods, DNA reassembly methods, gene synthesis (see forexample Young and Dong, (2004), Nucleic Acids Research 32, (7)electronic access http://nar.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/32/7/e59 orGupta et al. (1968), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 60: 1338-1344; Scarpullaet al. (1982), Anal. Biochem. 121: 356-365; Stemmer et al. (1995), Gene164: 49-53), or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methodsknown in the art. Examples of random mutagenesis procedures are wellknown in the art, such as for example chemical (NTG for example)mutagenesis or physical (UV for example) mutagenesis. Examples ofdirected mutagenesis procedures are the QuickChange™ site-directedmutagenesis kit (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.), the ‘TheAltered Sites® II in vitro Mutagenesis Systems’ (Promega Corporation) orby overlap extension using PCR as described in Gene. 1989 Apr. 15;77(1):51-9. (Ho S N, Hunt H D, Horton R M, Pullen J K, Pease L R“Site-directed mutagenesis by overlap extension using the polymerasechain reaction”) or using PCR as described in Molecular Biology: CurrentInnovations and Future Trends. (Eds. A. M. Griffin and H. G. Griffin.ISBN 1-898486-01-8; 1995 Horizon Scientific Press, PO Box 1, Wymondham,Norfolk, U.K.).

A modification in the genome can be determined by comparing the DNAsequence of the modified cell to the sequence of the non-modified cell.Sequencing of DNA and genome sequencing can be done using standardmethods known to the person skilled in the art, for example using Sangersequencing technology and/or next generation sequencing technologiessuch as Illumina GA2, Roche 454, etc. as reviewed in Elaine R. Mardis(2008), Next-Generation DNA Sequencing Methods, Annual Review ofGenomics and Human Genetics, 9: 387-402. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genom0.9.081307.164359).

Preferred methods of modification are based on techniques of genereplacement, gene deletion, or gene disruption.

For example, in case of replacement of a polynucleotide, nucleic acidconstruct or expression cassette, an appropriate DNA sequence may beintroduced at the target locus to be replaced. The appropriate DNAsequence is preferably present on a cloning vector. Preferredintegrative cloning vectors comprise a DNA fragment, which is homologousto the polynucleotide and/or has homology to the polynucleotidesflanking the locus to be replaced for targeting the integration of thecloning vector to this pre-determined locus. In order to promotetargeted integration, the cloning vector is preferably linearized priorto transformation of the cell. Preferably, linearization is performedsuch that at least one but preferably either end of the cloning vectoris flanked by sequences homologous to the DNA sequence (or flankingsequences) to be replaced. This process is called homologousrecombination and this technique may also be used in order to achieve(partial) gene deletion or gene disruption.

For example, for gene disruption, a polynucleotide corresponding to theendogenous polynucleotide may be replaced by a defective polynucleotide,that is a polynucleotide that fails to produce a (fully functional)protein. By homologous recombination, the defective polynucleotidereplaces the endogenous polynucleotide. It may be desirable that thedefective polynucleotide also encodes a marker, which may be used forselection of transformants in which the nucleic acid sequence has beenmodified.

Alternatively, modification, wherein said host cell produces less of oris deficient in the production of one of the polypeptides describedherein may be performed by established anti-sense techniques using anucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of thepolynucleotide. More specifically, expression of the polynucleotide by ahost cell may be reduced or eliminated by introducing a nucleotidesequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of thepolynucleotide, which may be transcribed in the cell and is capable ofhybridizing to the mRNA produced in the cell. Under conditions allowingthe complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence to hybridize to themRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reduced or eliminated. Anexample of expressing an antisense-RNA is shown in Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 2000 February; 66(2):775-82. (Characterization of a foldase,protein disulfide isomerase A, in the protein secretory pathway ofAspergillus niger. Ngiam C, Jeenes D J, Punt P J, Van Den Hondel C A,Archer D B) or (Zrenner R, Willmitzer L, Sonnewald U. Analysis of theexpression of potato uridinediphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase andits inhibition by antisense RNA. Planta. (1993); 190(2):247-52.).

Furthermore, modification, downregulation or inactivation of apolynucleotide may be obtained via the RNA interference (RNAi) technique(FEMS Microb. Lett. 237 (2004): 317-324). In this method identical senseand antisense parts of the nucleotide sequence, which expression is tobe affected, are cloned behind each other with a nucleotide spacer inbetween, and inserted into an expression vector. After such a moleculeis transcribed, formation of small nucleotide fragments will lead to atargeted degradation of the mRNA, which is to be affected. Theelimination of the specific mRNA can be to various extents. The RNAinterference techniques described in WO2008/053019, WO2005/05672A1,WO2005/026356A1, Oliveira et al., “Efficient cloning system forconstruction of gene silencing vectors in Aspergillus niger” (2008)Appl. Microbiol. and Biotechnol. 80 (5): 917-924 and/or Barnes et al.,“siRNA as a molecular tool for use in Aspergillus niger” (2008)Biotechnology Letters 30 (5): 885-890 may be used for downregulation,modification or inactivation of a polynucleotide.

Preferably, in a recombinant microorganism according to the invention,the deficiency in the production of one or more of the polypeptidesidentified herein is a reduction in production of at least 20% morepreferably by at least 30%, more preferably by at least 40%, even morepreferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, inparticular at least 70%, more in particular at least 80%, for example atleast 85%, for example at least 90%, for example at least 95%, forexample at least 100% (as compared to a recombinant microorganism thathas not been modified in its genome according to the invention, whenanalysed under substantially identical conditions).

Preferably, the modification in the genome of the microbial host cellaccording to the invention is a modification in the genome on at leastone position of at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding apolypeptide having at least 35% identity, more preferably at least 40%identity, more preferably at least 45% identity, more preferably atleast 50% identity, even more preferably at least 55% identity, evenmore preferably at least 60% identity, even more preferably at least 65%identity, even more preferably at least 70% identity, even morepreferably at least 75% identity, even more preferably at least 80%identity, even more preferably at least 85% identity, even morepreferably at least 90% identity, for example at least 91% identity, forexample at least 92% identity, for example at least 93% identity, forexample at least 94% identity, for example at least 95% identity, forexample at least 96% identity, for example at least 97% identity, forexample at least 98% identity, for example at least 99% identity, forexample 100% identity with a polypeptide selected from a polypeptideaccording to SEQ ID NO: 224, SEQ ID NO: 226, SEQ ID NO: 228, SEQ ID NO:230, SEQ ID NO: 232, SEQ ID NO: 234, SEQ ID NO: 236, SEQ ID NO: 238, SEQID NO: 240, SEQ ID NO: 242, SEQ ID NO: 244 or 249 and/or themodification in the genome of the microbial host cell in the methodaccording to the invention is a modification resulting in the reductionof the amount of at least one mRNA having at least 60% identity, evenmore preferably at least 65% identity, even more preferably at least 70%identity, even more preferably at least 75% identity, even morepreferably at least 80% identity, even more preferably at least 85%identity, even more preferably at least 90% identity, for example atleast 91% identity, for example at least 92% identity, for example atleast 93% identity, for example at least 94% identity, for example atleast 95% identity, for example at least 96% identity, for example atleast 97% identity, for example at least 98% identity, for example atleast 99% identity, for example 100% identity with an mRNA selected fromthe group of the mRNA according to SEQ ID NO: 225, SEQ ID NO: 227, SEQID NO: 229, SEQ ID NO: 231, SEQ ID NO: 233, SEQ ID NO: 235, SEQ ID NO:237, SEQ ID NO: 239, SEQ ID NO: 241, SEQ ID NO: 243, SEQ ID NO: 245 or250.

In each case, the modification typically takes place in an mRNA sequenceor a nucleic acid sequence encoding polypeptide encoding or having thesame activity as the given SEQ ID NO.

For the purposes of this invention, a polypeptide having ent-copalylpyrophosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.13) is capable of catalyzing thechemical reation:

This enzyme has one substrate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and oneproduct, ent-copalyl pyrophosphate. This enzyme participates ingibberellin biosynthesis. This enzyme belongs to the family ofisomerase, specifically the class of intramolecular lyases. Thesystematic name of this enzyme class is ent-copalyl-diphosphate lyase(decyclizing). Other names in common use include having ent-copalylpyrophosphate synthase, ent-kaurene synthase A, and ent-kaurenesynthetase A.

For the purposes of this invention, a polypeptide having ent-kaurenesynthase activity (EC 4.2.3.19) is a polypeptide that is capable ofcatalyzing the chemical reaction:

ent-copalyl diphosphate

ent-kaurene+diphosphate

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, ent-copalyl diphosphate, and twoproducts, ent-kaurene and diphosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically thosecarbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of thisenzyme class is ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing,ent-kaurene-forming). Other names in common use include ent-kaurenesynthase B, ent-kaurene synthetase B, ent-copalyl-diphosphatediphosphate-lyase, and (cyclizing). This enzyme participates inditerpenoid biosynthesis.

ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases may also have a distinct ent-kaurenesynthase activity associated with the same protein molecule. Thereaction catalyzed by ent-kaurene synthase is the next step in thebiosynthetic pathway to gibberellins. The two types of enzymic activityare distinct, and site-directed mutagenesis to suppress the ent-kaurenesynthase activity of the protein leads to build up of ent-copalylpyrophosphate.

Accordingly, a single nucleotide sequence used in the invention mayencode a polypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activityand ent-kaurene synthase activity. Alternatively, the two activities maybe encoded two distinct, separate nucleotide sequences.

For the purposes of this invention, a polypeptide having ent-kaureneoxidase activity (EC 1.14.13.78) is a polypeptide which is capable ofcatalysing three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group ofent-kaurene to give kaurenoic acid. Such activity typically requires thepresence of a cytochrome P450.

For the purposes of the invention, a polypeptide having kaurenoic acid13-hydroxylase activity (EC 1.14.13) is one which is capable ofcatalyzing the formation of steviol (ent-kaur-16-en-13-ol-19-oic acid)using NADPH and O₂. Such activity may also be referred to as ent-ka13-hydroxylase activity.

A recombinant microorganism of the invention may comprise one or morenucleotide sequences encoding a polypeptide havingUDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) activity, whereby expression of thenucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) on the microorganism the ability toproduce at least one of steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, stevioside orrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rubusoside, dulcoside A.

For the purposes of this invention, a polypeptide having UGT activity isone which has glycosyltransferase activity (EC 2.4), i.e. that can actas a catalyst for the transfer of a monosaccharide unit from anactivated nucleotide sugar (also known as the “glycosyl donor”) to aglycosyl acceptor molecule, usually an alcohol. The glycosyl donor for aUGT is typically the nucleotide sugar uridine diphosphate glucose(uracil-diphosphate glucose, UDP-glucose).

The UGTs used may be selected so as to produce a desired diterpeneglycoside, such as a steviol glycoside. Schematic diagrams of steviolglycoside formation are set out in Humphrey et al., Plant MolecularBiology (2006) 61: 47-62 and Mohamed et al., J. Plant Physiology 168(2011) 1136-1141. In addition, FIG. 7 sets out a schematic diagram ofsteviol glycoside formation.

The biosynthesis of rebaudioside A involves glucosylation of theaglycone steviol. Specifically, rebaudioside A can be formed byglucosylation of the 13-OH of steviol which forms the13-O-steviolmonoside, glucosylation of the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose ofsteviolmonoside which forms steviol-1,2-bioside, glucosylation of theC-19 carboxyl of steviol-1,2-bioside which forms stevioside, andglucosylation of the C-3′ of the C-13-O-glucose of stevioside. The orderin which each glucosylation reaction occurs can vary—see FIG. 7. One UGTmay be capable of catalyzing more than one conversion as set out in thisscheme.

We have shown that conversion of steviol to rebaudioside A orrebaudioside D may be accomplished in a recombinant host by theexpression of gene(s) encoding the following functional UGTs: UGT74G1,UGT85C2, UGT76G1 and UGT2. Thus, a recombinant microorganism expressingthese four UGTs can make rebaudioside A if it produces steviol or whenfed steviol in the medium. Typically, one or more of these genes arerecombinant genes that have been transformed into a microorganism thatdoes not naturally possess them. Examples of all of these enzmyes areset out in Table 1. A microorganism of the invention may comprise anycombination of a UGT74G1, UGT85C2, UGT76G1 and UGT2. In Table 1 UGT64G1sequences are indicated as UGT1 sequences, UGT74G1 sequences areindicated as UGT3 sequences and UGT76G1 sequences are indicated as UGT4sequences. UGT2 sequences are indicated as UGT2 sequences in Table 1.

A recombinant microorganism of the invention which comprises anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having UGT activity maycomprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing the addition of a C-13-glucose to steviol. That is to say, amicroorganism of the invention may comprise a UGT which is capable ofcatalyzing a reaction in which steviol is converted to steviolmonoside.Accordingly, expression of such a nucleotide sequence may confer on themicroorganism the ability to produce at least steviolmonoside.

Such a microorganism of the invention may comprise a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having the activity shown byUDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) UGT85C2, whereby the nucleotide sequenceupon transformation of the microorganism confers on the cell the abilityto convert steviol to steviolmonoside.

UGT85C2 activity is transfer of a glucose unit to the 13-OH of steviol.Thus, a suitable UGT85C2 may function as a uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyl: steviol 13-OH transferase, and a uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyl: steviol-19-O-glucoside 13-OH transferase. A functional UGT85C2polypeptides may also catalyze glucosyl transferase reactions thatutilize steviol glycoside substrates other than steviol andsteviol-19-O-glucoside. Such sequences are indicated as UGT1 sequencesin Table 1.

A recombinant microorganism of the invention which comprises anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having UGT activity maycomprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing the addition of a C-13-glucose to steviol or steviolmonoside.That is to say, a microorganism of the invention may comprise a UGTwhich is capable of catalyzing a reaction in which steviolmonoside isconverted to steviolbioside. Accordingly, such a microorganism may becapable of converting steviolmonoside to steviolbioside. Expression ofsuch a nucleotide sequence may confer on the microorganism the abilityto produce at least steviolbioside.

A microorganism of the invention may also comprise a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having the activity shown byUDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) UGT74G1, whereby the nucleotide sequenceupon transformation of the microorganism confers on the cell the abilityto convert steviolmonoside to steviolbioside.

A microorganism of the invention may also comprise a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having the activity shown byUDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) UGT2, whereby the nucleotide sequence upontransformation of the microorganism confers on the cell the ability toconvert steviolmonoside to steviolbioside.

A suitable UGT2 polypeptide functions as a uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyl: steviol-13-O-glucoside transferase (also referred to as asteviol-13-monoglucoside 1,2-glucosylase), transferring a glucose moietyto the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of the acceptor molecule,steviol-13-O-glucoside. Typically, a suitable UGT2 polypeptide alsofunctions as a uridine 5′-diphospho glucosyl: rubusoside transferasetransferring a glucose moiety to the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of theacceptor molecule, rubusoside.

Functional UGT2 polypeptides may also catalyze reactions that utilizesteviol glycoside substrates other than steviol-13-O-glucoside andrubusoside, e.g., functional UGT2 polypeptides may utilize stevioside asa substrate, transferring a glucose moiety to the C-2′ of the19-O-glucose residue to produce Rebaudioside E. A functional UGT2polypeptides may also utilize Rebaudioside A as a substrate,transferring a glucose moiety to the C-2′ of the 19-O-glucose residue toproduce Rebaudioside D. However, a functional UGT2 polypeptide typicallydoes not transfer a glucose moiety to steviol compounds having a1,3-bound glucose at the C-13 position, i.e., transfer of a glucosemoiety to steviol 1,3-bioside and 1,3-stevioside does not occur.Functional UGT2 polypeptides may also transfer sugar moieties fromdonors other than uridine diphosphate glucose. For example, a functionalUGT2 polypeptide may act as a uridine 5′-diphospho D-xylosyl:steviol-13-O-glucoside transferase, transferring a xylose moiety to theC-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of the acceptor molecule,steviol-13-O-glucoside. As another example, a functional UGT2polypeptide can act as a uridine 5′-diphospho L-rhamnosyl:steviol-13-O-glucoside transferase, transferring a rhamnose moiety tothe C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of the acceptor molecule,steviol-13-O-glucoside. Such sequences are indicated as UGT2 sequencesin Table 1.

A recombinant microorganism of the invention which comprises anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having UGT activity maycomprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing the addition of a C-19-glucose to steviolbioside. That is tosay, a microorganism of the invention may comprise a UGT which iscapable of catalyzing a reaction in which steviolbioside is converted tostevioside. Accordingly, such a microorganism may be capable ofconverting steviolbioside to stevioside. Expression of such a nucleotidesequence may confer on the microorganism the ability to produce at leaststevioside.

A microorganism of the invention may also comprise a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having the activity shown byUDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) UGT74G1, whereby the nucleotide sequenceupon transformation of the microorganism confers on the cell the abilityto convert steviolbioside to stevioside.

Suitable UGT74G1 polypeptides may be capable of transferring a glucoseunit to the 13-OH or the 19-COOH, respectively, of steviol. A suitableUGT74G1 polypeptide may function as a uridine 5′-diphospho glucosyl:steviol 19-COOH transferase and a uridine 5′-diphospho glucosyl:steviol-13-O-glucoside 19-COOH transferase. Functional UGT74G1polypeptides also may catalyze glycosyl transferase reactions thatutilize steviol glycoside substrates other than steviol andsteviol-13-O-glucoside, or that transfer sugar moieties from donorsother than uridine diphosphate glucose. Such sequences are indicated asUGT1 sequences in Table 3.

A recombinant microorganism of the invention which comprises anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having UGT activity maycomprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing glucosylation of the C-3′ of the glucose at the C-13 positionof stevioside. That is to say, a microorganism of the invention maycomprise a UGT which is capable of catalyzing a reaction in whichstevioside to rebaudioside A. Accordingly, such a microorganism may becapable of converting stevioside to rebaudioside A. Expression of such anucleotide sequence may confer on the microorganism the ability toproduce at least rebaudioside A.

A microorganism of the invention may also comprise a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having the activity shown byUDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) UGT76G1, whereby the nucleotide sequenceupon transformation of the microorganism confers on the cell the abilityto convert stevioside to rebaudioside A.

A suitable UGT76G1 adds a glucose moiety to the C-3′ of theC-13-O-glucose of the acceptor molecule, a steviol 1,2 glycoside. Thus,UGT76G1 functions, for example, as a uridine 5′-diphospho glucosyl:steviol 13-0-1,2 glucoside C-3′ glucosyl transferase and a uridine5′-diphospho glucosyl: steviol-19-0-glucose, 13-0-1,2 bioside C-3′glucosyl transferase. Functional UGT76G1 polypeptides may also catalyzeglucosyl transferase reactions that utilize steviol glycoside substratesthat contain sugars other than glucose, e.g., steviol rhamnosides andsteviol xylosides. Such sequences are indicated as UGT4 sequences inTable 1.

A microorganism of the invention may comprise nucleotide sequencesencoding polypeptides having one or more of the four UGT activitiesdescribed above. Preferably, a microorganism of the invention maycomprise nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides having all four ofthe UGT activities described above. A given nucleic acid may encode apolypeptide having one or more of the above activities. For example, anucleic acid encode for a polypeptide which has two, three or four ofthe activities set out above. Preferably, a recombinant microorganism ofthe invention comprises UGT1, UGT2 and UGT3 activity. More preferably,such a recombinant microorganism will also comprise UGT4 activity.

A microorganism of the invention which comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having UGT activity may comprise a nucleotidesequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the glucosylationof stevioside or rebaudioside A. That is to say, a microorganism of theinvention may comprise a UGT which is capable of catalyzing a reactionin which stevioside or rebaudioside A is converted to rebaudioside D.Accordingly, such a microorganism may be capable of convertingstevioside or rebaudioside A to rebaudioside D. Expression of such anucleotide sequence may confer on the microorganism the ability toproduce at least rebaudioside D. We have shown that a microorganismexpression a combination of UGT85C2, UGT2, UGT74G1 and UGT76G1polypeptides may be capable of rebaudioside D production.

A microorganism of the invention which comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having UGT activity may comprise a nucleotidesequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the glucosylationof stevioside. That is to say, a microorganism of the invention maycomprise a UGT which is capable of catalyzing a reaction in whichstevioside is converted to rebaudioside E. Accordingly, such amicroorganism may be capable of converting stevioside to rebaudioside E.Expression of such a nucleotide sequence may confer on the microorganismthe ability to produce at least rebaudioside E.

A microorganism of the invention which comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having UGT activity may comprise a nucleotidesequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the glucosylationof rebaudioside E. That is to say, a microorganism of the invention maycomprise a UGT which is capable of catalyzing a reaction in whichrebaudioside E is converted to rebaudioside D. Accordingly, such amicroorganism may be capable of converting stevioside or rebaudioside Ato rebaudioside D. Expression of such a nucleotide sequence may conferon the microorganism the ability to produce at least rebaudioside D.

A recombinant microorganism of the invention may be capable ofexpressing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havingNADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase activity. That is to say, a recombinantmicroorganism of the invention may comprise sequence encoding apolypeptide having NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase activity.

For the purposes of the invention, a polypeptide having NADPH-CytochromeP450 reductase activity (EC 1.6.2.4; also known asNADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase,NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase, P450 reductase, POR, CPR, CYPOR) is typicallyone which is a membrane-bound enzyme allowing electron transfer tocytochrome P450 in the microsome of the eukaryotic cell from a FAD- andFMN-containing enzyme NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (POR; EC 1.6.2.4).

Preferably, a recombinant microorganism according to any one of thepreceding claims, which is capable of expressing one or more of:

-   -   a. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having        NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase activity, wherein said        nucleotide sequence comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase activity, said polypeptide            comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about            20%, preferably at least 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,            80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with            the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 54,        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,            preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,            80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with            the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 53, 55, 57 or 77;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the            degeneracy of the genetic code,

Preferably, a recombinant microorganism of the invention is one which iscapable of expressing one or more of:

-   -   a. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having        ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity, wherein said        nucleotide sequence comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity, said            polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at            least about 20%, preferably at least 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60,            65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence            identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4,            6, 8, 18, 20, 60 or 62;        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,            preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,            80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with            the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 19,            59 or 61, 141, 142, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159, 160, 182 or            184;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the            degeneracy of the genetic code,    -   b. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having        ent-Kaurene synthase activity, wherein said nucleotide sequence        comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            ent-Kaurene synthase activity, said polypeptide comprising            an amino acid sequence that has at least about 20%,            preferably at least 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,            85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with the            amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,            64 or 66;        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,            preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,            80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with            the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17,            19, 63, 65, 143, 144, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 183 or            184;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the            degeneracy of the genetic code,    -   c. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having        ent-Kaurene oxidase activity, wherein said nucleotide sequence        comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            ent-Kaurene oxidase activity, said polypeptide comprising an            amino acid sequence that has at least about 20%, preferably            at least 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,            96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with the amino acid            sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 24, 26, 68 or 86;        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,            preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,            80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with            the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 21, 23, 25, 67, 85,            145, 161, 162, 163, 180 or 186;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the            degeneracy of the genetic code; or    -   d. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having kaurenoic        acid 13-hydroxylase activity, wherein said nucleotide sequence        comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity, said polypeptide            comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about            20%, preferably at least 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,            80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with            the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30, 32, 34, 70,            90, 92, 94, 96 or 98;        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,            preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,            80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with            the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 29, 31, 33, 69,            89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 146, 164, 165, 166, 167 or 185;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the            degeneracy of the genetic code.

In a recombinant microorganism of the invention, which is capable ofexpressing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing the addition of a C-13-glucose to steviol, said nucleotidemay comprise:

-   -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of        catalyzing the addition of a C-13-glucose to steviol, said        polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least        about 20%, preferably at least 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,        75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with        the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 36, 38 or 72;    -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,        preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,        85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with the        nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37, 71, 147, 168, 169 or        189;    -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which        hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or        (ii); or    -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of a        nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the        degeneracy of the genetic code.

In a recombinant microorganism of the invention, which is capable ofexpressing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing the addition of a glucose at the C-13 position ofsteviolmonoside (this typically indicates glucosylation of the C-2′ ofthe C-13-glucose/13-O-glucose of steviolmonoside), said nucleotidesequence may comprise:

-   -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of        catalyzing the addition of a C-13-glucose to steviol or        steviolmonoside, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid        sequence that has at least about 20%, preferably at least 25,        30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or        99%, sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NOs: 88, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 or 112;    -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,        preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,        85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with the        nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107,        109, 111, 181 or 192;    -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which        hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or        (ii); or    -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of a        nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the        degeneracy of the genetic code.

In a recombinant microorganism of the invention, which is capable ofexpressing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing the addition of a glucose at the C-19 position ofsteviolbioside, said nucleotide sequence may comprise:

-   -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of        catalyzing the addition of a glucose at the C-19 position of        steviolbioside, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid        sequence that has at least about 20% sequence identity with the        amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 or 74;    -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15% sequence        identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 39, 41, 43,        45, 47, 73, 148, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174 or 190;    -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which        hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or        (ii); or    -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of a        nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the        degeneracy of the genetic code.

In a recombinant microorganism of the invention, which expresses anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzingglucosylation of the C-3′ of the glucose at the C-13 position ofstevioside, said nucleotide sequence may comprise:

-   -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of        catalyzing glucosylation of the C-3′ of the glucose at the C-13        position of stevioside, said polypeptide comprising an amino        acid sequence that has at least about 20%, preferably at least        25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98,        or 99%, sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NOs: 50, 52 or 76;    -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%,        preferably at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,        85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%, sequence identity with the        nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 49, 51, 75, 149, 175, 176 or        191;    -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which        hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or        (ii); or    -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of a        nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the        degeneracy of the genetic code.

In a recombinant microorganism of the invention, which expresses anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalysing one ormore of: the glucosylation of stevioside or rebaudioside A torebaudioside D; the glucosylation of stevioside to rebaudioside E; orthe glucosylation of rebaudioside E to rebaudioside D, said nucleotidesequence may comprise:

-   -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of        catalysing one or more of: the glucosylation of stevioside or        rebaudioside A to rebaudioside D; the glucosylation of        stevioside to rebaudioside E; or the glucosylation of        rebaudioside E to rebaudioside D, said polypeptide comprising an        amino acid sequence that has at least about 20% sequence        identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 100,        102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112;    -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15% sequence        identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 87, 99,        101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 181 or 192;    -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which        hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or        (ii); or    -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of a        nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the        degeneracy of the genetic code.

A microorganism according to the invention, may be one in which theability of the microorganism to produce geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate(GGPP) is upregulated. Upregulated in the context of this inventionimplies that the microorganism produces more GGPP than an equivalentnon-transformed strain.

Accordingly, a microorganism of the invention may comprise one or morenucleotide sequence(s) encoding hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase,farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase and geranylgeranyl diphosphatesynthase, whereby the nucleotide sequence(s) upon transformation of themicroorganism confer(s) on the microorganism the ability to produceelevated levels of GGPP.

Preferably, a microorganism according to the invention is one which iscapable of expressing one or more of:

-   -   a. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having        hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, wherein said        nucleotide sequence comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, said            polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at            least about 20% sequence identity with the amino acid            sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80;        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%            sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:            79;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the            degeneracy of the genetic code,    -   b. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having        farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase activity, wherein said        nucleotide sequence comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase activity, said polypeptide            comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about            20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID            NO: 82;        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%            sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID            NOs: 81;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of            the genetic code; or    -   c. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having        geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity, wherein said        nucleotide sequence comprises:        -   i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having            geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity, said            polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at            least about 20% sequence identity with the amino acid            sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84;        -   ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%            sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID            NOs: 83;        -   iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of which            hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or            (ii); or        -   iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of            a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the            degeneracy of the genetic code.

The invention relates to a recombinant microorganism. A microorganism ormicrobe, for the purposes of this invention, is typically an organismthat is not visible to the human eye (i.e. microscopic). A microorganismmay be from bacteria, fungi, archaea or protists. Typically amicroorganism will be a single-celled or unicellular organism.

As used herein a recombinant microorganism is defined as a microorganismwhich is genetically modified or transformed/transfected with one ormore of the nucleotide sequences as defined herein. The presence of theone or more such nucleotide sequences alters the ability of themicroorganism to produce a diterpene or diterpene glycoside, inparticular steviol or steviol glycoside. A microorganism that is nottransformed/transfected or genetically modified, is not a recombinantmicroorganism and does typically not comprise one or more of thenucleotide sequences enabling the cell to produce a diterpene orditerpene glycoside. Hence, a non-transformed/non-transfectedmicroorganism is typically a microorganism that does not naturallyproduce a diterpene, although a microorganism which naturally produces aditerpene or diterpene glycoside and which has been modified accordingto the invention (and which thus has an altered ability to produce aditerpene/diterpene gylcoside) is considered a recombinant microorganismaccording to the invention.

Sequence identity is herein defined as a relationship between two ormore amino acid (polypeptide or protein) sequences or two or morenucleic acid (polynucleotide) sequences, as determined by comparing thesequences. Usually, sequence identities or similarities are comparedover the whole length of the sequences compared. In the art, “identity”also means the degree of sequence relatedness between amino acid ornucleic acid sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the matchbetween strings of such sequences. “Identity” and “similarity” can bereadily calculated by various methods, known to those skilled in theart. Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give thelargest match between the sequences tested. Typically then, identitiesand similarities are calculated over the entire length of the sequencesbeing compared. Methods to determine identity and similarity arecodified in publicly available computer programs. Preferred computerprogram methods to determine identity and similarity between twosequences include e.g. the BestFit, BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul,S. F. et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990), publicly available fromNCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIHBethesda, Md. 20894). Preferred parameters for amino acid sequencescomparison using BLASTP are gap open 10.0, gap extend 0.5, Blosum 62matrix. Preferred parameters for nucleic acid sequences comparison usingBLASTP are gap open 10.0, gap extend 0.5, DNA full matrix (DNA identitymatrix).

Nucleotide sequences encoding the enzymes expressed in the cell of theinvention may also be defined by their capability to hybridize with thenucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO.'s 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19,21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55,57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81 or 84 it any othersequence mentioned herein respectively, under moderate, or preferablyunder stringent hybridisation conditions. Stringent hybridisationconditions are herein defined as conditions that allow a nucleic acidsequence of at least about 25, preferably about 50 nucleotides, 75 or100 and most preferably of about 200 or more nucleotides, to hybridiseat a temperature of about 65° C. in a solution comprising about 1 Msalt, preferably 6×SSC or any other solution having a comparable ionicstrength, and washing at 65° C. in a solution comprising about 0.1 Msalt, or less, preferably 0.2×SSC or any other solution having acomparable ionic strength. Preferably, the hybridisation is performedovernight, i.e. at least for 10 hours and preferably washing isperformed for at least one hour with at least two changes of the washingsolution. These conditions will usually allow the specific hybridisationof sequences having about 90% or more sequence identity.

Moderate conditions are herein defined as conditions that allow anucleic acid sequences of at least 50 nucleotides, preferably of about200 or more nucleotides, to hybridise at a temperature of about 45° C.in a solution comprising about 1 M salt, preferably 6×SSC or any othersolution having a comparable ionic strength, and washing at roomtemperature in a solution comprising about 1 M salt, preferably 6×SSC orany other solution having a comparable ionic strength. Preferably, thehybridisation is performed overnight, i.e. at least for 10 hours, andpreferably washing is performed for at least one hour with at least twochanges of the washing solution. These conditions will usually allow thespecific hybridisation of sequences having up to 50% sequence identity.The person skilled in the art will be able to modify these hybridisationconditions in order to specifically identify sequences varying inidentity between 50% and 90%.

The nucleotide sequences encoding an ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase;ent-Kaurene synthase; ent-Kaurene oxidase; kaurenoic acid13-hydroxylase; UGT; hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase,farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase; geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase;NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase, may be from prokaryotic or eukaryoticorigin.

A nucleotide sequence encoding an ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase mayfor instance comprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 1, 3, 5, 7,17, 19, 59, 61, 141, 142, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159, 160, 182 or 184.

A nucleotide sequence encoding an ent-Kaurene synthase may for instancecomprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 63,65, 143, 144, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 183 or 184.

A nucleotide sequence encoding an ent-Kaurene oxidase may for instancecomprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 21, 23, 25, 67, 85, 145,161, 162, 163, 180 or 186. A preferred KO is the polypeptide encoded bythe nucleic acid set out in SEQ ID NO: 85.

A nucleotide sequence encoding a kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase may forinstance comprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 27, 29, 31, 33,69, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 146, 164, 165, 166, 167 or 185. A preferred KAHsequence is the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid set out in SEQID NO: 33.

A further preferred recombinant microorganism of the invention mayexpress a combination of the polypeptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 85 andSEQ ID NO: 33 or a variant of either thereof as herein described. Apreferred recombinant microorganism of the invention may expression thecombination of sequences set out in Table 8 (in combination with anyUGT2, but in particular that encoded by SEQ ID NO: 87).

A nucleotide sequence encoding a UGT may for instance comprise asequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51,71, 73, 75, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 147, 148, 149,87, 181, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,140, 189, 190, 191 or 192.

A nucleotide sequence encoding a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase mayfor instance comprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 79.

A nucleotide sequence encoding a farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase mayfor instance comprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 81.

A nucleotide sequence encoding a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase mayfor instance comprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO:83.

A nucleotide sequence encoding a NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase may forinstance comprise a sequence as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 53, 55, 57 or 77.

In the case of the UGT sequences, combinations of at least one from eachof: (i) SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37, 168, 169, 71, 147 or 189; (ii) SEQ ID NOs:87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 181 or 192; (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 39,41, 43, 45, 47, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 73, 148 or 190; and (iv) SEQ IDNOs: 49, 51, 175, 176, 75, 149 or 191 may be preferred. Typically, atleast one UGT from group (i) may be used. If at least one UGT from group(iii) is used, generally at least one UGT from group (i) is also used.If at least one UGT from group (iv) is used, generally at least one UGTfrom group (i) and at least one UGT from group (iii) is used. Typically,at least one UGT form group (ii) is used.

A sequence which has at least about 10%, about 15%, about 20%,preferably at least about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%,about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%sequence identity with a sequence as mentioned may be used in theinvention.

To increase the likelihood that the introduced enzymes are expressed inactive form in a eukaryotic cell of the invention, the correspondingencoding nucleotide sequence may be adapted to optimise its codon usageto that of the chosen eukaryote host cell. The adaptiveness of thenucleotide sequences encoding the enzymes to the codon usage of thechosen host cell may be expressed as codon adaptation index (CAI). Thecodon adaptation index is herein defined as a measurement of therelative adaptiveness of the codon usage of a gene towards the codonusage of highly expressed genes. The relative adaptiveness (w) of eachcodon is the ratio of the usage of each codon, to that of the mostabundant codon for the same amino acid. The CAI index is defined as thegeometric mean of these relative adaptiveness values. Non-synonymouscodons and termination codons (dependent on genetic code) are excluded.CAI values range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating a higherproportion of the most abundant codons (see Sharp and Li, 1987, NucleicAcids Research 15: 1281-1295; also see: Jansen et al., 2003, NucleicAcids Res. 31(8):2242-51). An adapted nucleotide sequence preferably hasa CAI of at least 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7.

In a preferred embodiment the eukaryotic cell according to the presentinvention is genetically modified with (a) nucleotide sequence(s) whichis (are) adapted to the codon usage of the eukaryotic cell using codonpair optimisation technology as disclosed in PCT/EP2007/05594.Codon-pair optimisation is a method for producing a polypeptide in ahost cell, wherein the nucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptidehave been modified with respect to their codon-usage, in particular thecodon-pairs that are used, to obtain improved expression of thenucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide and/or improved productionof the polypeptide. Codon pairs are defined as a set of two subsequenttriplets (codons) in a coding sequence.

Further improvement of the activity of the enzymes in vivo in aeukaryotic host cell of the invention, can be obtained by well-knownmethods like error prone PCR or directed evolution. A preferred methodof directed evolution is described in WO03010183 and WO03010311.

The microorganism according to the present invention may be any suitablehost cell from microbial origin. Preferably, the host cell is a yeast ora filamentous fungus. More preferably, the host cell belongs to one ofthe genera Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Pichia,Kluyveromyces, Yarrowia, Candida, Hansenula, Humicola, Torulaspora,Trichosporon, Brettanomyces, Pachysolen or Yamadazyma orZygosaccharomyces.

A more preferred microorganism belongs to the species Aspergillus niger,Penicillium chrysogenum, Pichia stipidis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, K.lactis, K. thermotolerans, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida sonorensis, C.glabrata, Hansenula polymorpha, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Brettanomycesbruxellensis, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Saccharomyces uvarum,Saccharomyces bayanus or Saccharomyces cerevisiae species. Preferably,the eukaryotic cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A recombinant yeast cell according to the invention may be modified sothat the ERG9 gene is down-regulated and or the ERG5/ERG6 genes aredeleted. Corresponding genes may be modified in this way in othermicroorganisms.

Such a microorganism may be transformed as set out herein, whereby thenucleotide sequence(s) with which the microorganism is transformedconfer(s) on the cell the ability to produce a diterpene or glycosidethereof.

A preferred microorganism according to the invention is a yeast such asa Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Yarrowia lipolytica cell. A recombinantmicroorganism of the invention, such as a recombinant Saccharomycescerevisiae cell or Yarrowia lipolytica cell may comprise one or morenucleotide sequence(s) from each of the following groups;

(i) SEQ ID. NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 19, 59, 61, 141, 142, 152, 153, 154,159, 160, 182 or 184.

(ii) SEQ ID. NO: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 63, 65, 143, 144, 155, 156, 157,158, 159, 160, 183 or 184.

(iii) SEQ ID. NO: 21, 23, 25, 67 85, 145, 161, 162, 163, 180 or 186.

(iv) SEQ ID. NO: 27, 29, 31, 33, 69, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 146, 164, 165,166, 167 or 185.

Such a microorganism will typically also comprise one or more nucleotidesequence(s) as set out in SEQ ID. NO: 53, 55, 57 or 77.

Such a microorganism may also comprise one or more nucleotide sequencesas set out in 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 71, 73, 75, 168, 169,170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 147, 148, 149, 87, 181, 99, 100, 101,102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115,116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129,130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 189, 190, 191 or192. In the case of these sequences, combinations of at least one fromeach of (i) SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37, 168, 169, 71, 147 or 189; (ii) SEQ IDNOs: 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 181 or 192; (iii) SEQ ID NOs:39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 73, 148 or 190; and (iv)SEQ ID NOs: 49, 51, 175, 176, 75, 149 or 191 may be preferred.Typically, at least one UGT from group (i) may be used. If at least oneUGT from group (iii) is used, generally at least one UGT from group (i)is also used. If at least one UGT from group (iv) is used, generally atleast one UGT from group (i) and at least one UGT from group (iii) isused. Typically, at least one UGT form group (ii) is used.

Such a microorganism may also comprise the following nucleotidesequences: SEQ ID. NO: 79; SEQ ID. NO: 81; and SEQ ID. NO: 83.

For each sequence set out above (or any sequence mentioned herein), avariant having at least about 15%, preferably at least about 20, about25, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 96, about97, about 98, or about 99%, sequence identity with the stated sequencemay be used.

The nucleotide sequences encoding the ent-copalyl pyrophosphatesynthase, ent-Kaurene synthase, ent-Kaurene oxidase, kaurenoic acid13-hydroxylase, UGTs, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase,farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthaseand NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase may be ligated into one or morenucleic acid constructs to facilitate the transformation of themicroorganism according to the present invention.

A nucleic acid construct may be a plasmid carrying the genes encodingenzymes of the diterpene, eg. steviol/steviol glycoside, pathway asdescribed above, or a nucleic acid construct may comprise two or threeplasmids carrying each three or two genes, respectively, encoding theenzymes of the diterpene pathway distributed in any appropriate way.

Any suitable plasmid may be used, for instance a low copy plasmid or ahigh copy plasmid.

It may be possible that the enzymes selected from the group consistingof ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase, ent-Kaurene synthase, ent-Kaureneoxidase, and kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase, UGTs,hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase,geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase and NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductaseare native to the host microorganism and that transformation with one ormore of the nucleotide sequences encoding these enzymes may not berequired to confer the host cell the ability to produce a diterpene orditerpene glycosidase. Further improvement of diterpene/diterpeneglycosidase production by the host microorganism may be obtained byclassical strain improvement.

The nucleic acid construct may be maintained episomally and thuscomprise a sequence for autonomous replication, such as an autosomalreplication sequence sequence. If the host cell is of fungal origin, asuitable episomal nucleic acid construct may e.g. be based on the yeast2μ or pKD1 plasmids (Gleer et al., 1991, Biotechnology 9: 968-975), orthe AMA plasmids (Fierro et al., 1995, Curr Genet. 29:482-489).

Alternatively, each nucleic acid construct may be integrated in one ormore copies into the genome of the host cell. Integration into the hostcell's genome may occur at random by non-homologous recombination butpreferably the nucleic acid construct may be integrated into the hostcell's genome by homologous recombination as is well known in the art(see e.g. WO90/14423, EP-A-0481008, EP-A-0635 574 and U.S. Pat. No.6,265,186).

Optionally, a selectable marker may be present in the nucleic acidconstruct. As used herein, the term “marker” refers to a gene encoding atrait or a phenotype which permits the selection of, or the screeningfor, a microorganism containing the marker. The marker gene may be anantibiotic resistance gene whereby the appropriate antibiotic can beused to select for transformed cells from among cells that are nottransformed. Alternatively or also, non-antibiotic resistance markersare used, such as auxotrophic markers (URA3, TRP1, LEU2). The host cellstransformed with the nucleic acid constructs may be marker gene free.Methods for constructing recombinant marker gene free microbial hostcells are disclosed in EP-A-0 635 574 and are based on the use ofbidirectional markers. Alternatively, a screenable marker such as GreenFluorescent Protein, lacZ, luciferase, chloramphenicolacetyltransferase, beta-glucuronidase may be incorporated into thenucleic acid constructs of the invention allowing to screen fortransformed cells. A preferred marker-free method for the introductionof heterologous polynucleotides is described in WO0540186.

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleotide sequences encoding ent-copalylpyrophosphate synthase, ent-Kaurene synthase, ent-Kaurene oxidase, andkaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase, UGTs, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoAreductase, farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase, geranylgeranyl diphosphatesynthase and NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase, are each operably linkedto a promoter that causes sufficient expression of the correspondingnucleotide sequences in the eukaryotic cell according to the presentinvention to confer to the cell the ability to produce a diterpene orditerpene glycoside.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to a linkage ofpolynucleotide elements (or coding sequences or nucleic acid sequence)in a functional relationship. A nucleic acid sequence is “operablylinked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with anothernucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter or enhancer is operablylinked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of thecoding sequence.

As used herein, the term “promoter” refers to a nucleic acid fragmentthat functions to control the transcription of one or more genes,located upstream with respect to the direction of transcription of thetranscription initiation site of the gene, and is structurallyidentified by the presence of a binding site for DNA-dependent RNApolymerase, transcription initiation sites and any other DNA sequences,including, but not limited to transcription factor binding sites,repressor and activator protein binding sites, and any other sequencesof nucleotides known to one of skilled in the art to act directly orindirectly to regulate the amount of transcription from the promoter. A“constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under mostenvironmental and developmental conditions. An “inducible” promoter is apromoter that is active under environmental or developmental regulation.

The promoter that could be used to achieve the expression of thenucleotide sequences coding for an enzyme as defined herein above, maybe not native to the nucleotide sequence coding for the enzyme to beexpressed, i.e. a promoter that is heterologous to the nucleotidesequence (coding sequence) to which it is operably linked. Preferably,the promoter is homologous, i.e. endogenous to the host cell

Suitable promoters in microorganisms of the invention may be GAL7,GAL10, or GAL 1, CYC1, HIS3, ADH1, PGL, PH05, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3,LEU2, ENO, TPI, and AOX1. Other suitable promoters include PDC, GPD1,PGK1, TEF1, and TDH. Further suitable promoters are set out in theExamples.

Any terminator, which is functional in the cell, may be used in thepresent invention. Preferred terminators are obtained from natural genesof the host cell. Suitable terminator sequences are well known in theart. Preferably, such terminators are combined with mutations thatprevent nonsense mediated mRNA decay in the host cell of the invention(see for example: Shirley et al., 2002, Genetics 161:1465-1482).

Nucleotide sequences used in the invention may include sequences whichtarget them to desired compartments of the microorganism. For example,in a preferred microorganism of the invention, all nucleotide sequences,except for ent-Kaurene oxidase, kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase andNADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase encoding sequences may be targeted tothe cytosol. This approach may be used in a yeast cell.

The term “homologous” when used to indicate the relation between a given(recombinant) nucleic acid or polypeptide molecule and a given hostorganism or host cell, is understood to mean that in nature the nucleicacid or polypeptide molecule is produced by a host cell or organisms ofthe same species, preferably of the same variety or strain.

The term “heterologous” when used with respect to a nucleic acid (DNA orRNA) or protein refers to a nucleic acid or protein that does not occurnaturally as part of the organism, cell, genome or DNA or RNA sequencein which it is present, or that is found in a cell or location orlocations in the genome or DNA or RNA sequence that differ from that inwhich it is found in nature. Heterologous nucleic acids or proteins arenot endogenous to the cell into which it is introduced, but have beenobtained from another cell or synthetically or recombinantly produced.

Typically, recombinant microorganism of the invention will compriseheterologous nucleotide sequences. Alternatively, a recombinantmicroorganism of the invention may comprise entirely homologous sequencewhich has been modified as set out herein so that the microorganismproduces increased amounts of a diterpene and/or diterpene glycoside incomparison to a non-modified version of the same microorganism.

One or more enzymes of the diterpene pathway as described herein may beoverexpressed to achieve a sufficient diterpene production by the cell.

There are various means available in the art for overexpression ofenzymes in the host cells of the invention. In particular, an enzyme maybe overexpressed by increasing the copy number of the gene coding forthe enzyme in the host cell, e.g. by integrating additional copies ofthe gene in the host cell's genome.

A preferred host cell according to the present invention may be arecombinant cell which is naturally capable of producing GGPP.

A recombinant microorganism according to the present invention may beable to grow on any suitable carbon source known in the art and convertit to a diterpene or a diterpene glycoside. The recombinantmicroorganism may be able to convert directly plant biomass, celluloses,hemicelluloses, pectines, rhamnose, galactose, fucose, maltose,maltodextrines, ribose, ribulose, or starch, starch derivatives,sucrose, lactose and glycerol. Hence, a preferred host organismexpresses enzymes such as cellulases (endocellulases and exocellulases)and hemicellulases (e.g. endo- and exo-xylanases, arabinases) necessaryfor the conversion of cellulose into glucose monomers and hemicelluloseinto xylose and arabinose monomers, pectinases able to convert pectinesinto glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid or amylases to convert starchinto glucose monomers. Preferably, the host cell is able to convert acarbon source selected from the group consisting of glucose, xylose,arabinose, sucrose, lactose and glycerol. The host cell may for instancebe a eukaryotic host cell as described in WO03/062430, WO06/009434,EP1499708B1, WO2006096130 or WO04/099381.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a process for theproduction of a diterpene or diterpene glycoside comprising fermenting atransformed eukaryotic cell according to the present invention in asuitable fermentation medium, and optionally recovering the diterpeneand/or diterpene glycoside.

The fermentation medium used in the process for the production of aditerpene or diterpene glycoside may be any suitable fermentation mediumwhich allows growth of a particular eukaryotic host cell. The essentialelements of the fermentation medium are known to the person skilled inthe art and may be adapted to the host cell selected.

Preferably, the fermentation medium comprises a carbon source selectedfrom the group consisting of plant biomass, celluloses, hemicelluloses,pectines, rhamnose, galactose, fucose, fructose, maltose,maltodextrines, ribose, ribulose, or starch, starch derivatives,sucrose, lactose, fatty acids, triglycerides and glycerol. Preferably,the fermentation medium also comprises a nitrogen source such as ureum,or an ammonium salt such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride,ammoniumnitrate or ammonium phosphate.

The fermentation process according to the present invention may becarried out in batch, fed-batch or continuous mode. A separatehydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process or a simultaneoussaccharification and fermentation (SSF) process may also be applied. Acombination of these fermentation process modes may also be possible foroptimal productivity. A SSF process may be particularly attractive ifstarch, cellulose, hemicelluose or pectin is used as a carbon source inthe fermentation process, where it may be necessary to add hydrolyticenzymes, such as cellulases, hemicellulases or pectinases to hydrolysethe substrate.

The recombinant microorganism used in the process for the preparation ofa diterpene or diterpene glycoside may be any suitable microorganism asdefined herein above. It may be advantageous to use a recombinanteukaryotic microorganism according to the invention in the process forthe production of a diterpene or diterpene glycoside, because mosteukaryotic cells do not require sterile conditions for propagation andare insensitive to bacteriophage infections. In addition, eukaryotichost cells may be grown at low pH to prevent bacterial contamination.

The recombinant microorganism according to the present invention may bea facultative anaerobic microorganism. A facultative anaerobicmicroorganism can be propagated aerobically to a high cellconcentration. This anaerobic phase can then be carried out at high celldensity which reduces the fermentation volume required substantially,and may minimize the risk of contamination with aerobic microorganisms.

The fermentation process for the production of a diterpene according tothe present invention may be an aerobic or an anaerobic fermentationprocess.

An anaerobic fermentation process may be herein defined as afermentation process run in the absence of oxygen or in whichsubstantially no oxygen is consumed, preferably less than 5, 2.5 or 1mmol/L/h, and wherein organic molecules serve as both electron donor andelectron acceptors. The fermentation process according to the presentinvention may also first be run under aerobic conditions andsubsequently under anaerobic conditions.

The fermentation process may also be run under oxygen-limited, ormicro-aerobical, conditions. Alternatively, the fermentation process mayfirst be run under aerobic conditions and subsequently underoxygen-limited conditions. An oxygen-limited fermentation process is aprocess in which the oxygen consumption is limited by the oxygentransfer from the gas to the liquid. The degree of oxygen limitation isdetermined by the amount and composition of the ingoing gasflow as wellas the actual mixing/mass transfer properties of the fermentationequipment used.

The production of a diterpene in the process according to the presentinvention may occur during the growth phase of the host cell, during thestationary (steady state) phase or during both phases. It may bepossible to run the fermentation process at different temperatures.

The process for the production of a diterpene or diterpene glycoside maybe run at a temperature which is optimal for the eukaryotic cell. Theoptimum growth temperature may differ for each transformed eukaryoticcell and is known to the person skilled in the art. The optimumtemperature might be higher than optimal for wild type organisms to growthe organism efficiently under non-sterile conditions under minimalinfection sensitivity and lowest cooling cost. Alternatively, theprocess may be carried out at a temperature which is not optimal forgrowth of the recombinant microorganism. Indeed, we have shown that aprocess for the preparation of a diterpene or diterpene glycoside may becarried out beneficially at a sub-optimal growth temperature of arecombinant microorganism.

The temperature for growth of the recombinant microorganism in a processfor production of a diterpene or diterpene glycoside may be above 20°C., 22° C., 25° C., 28° C., or above 30° C., 35° C., or above 37° C.,40° C., 42° C., and preferably below 45° C. During the production phaseof a diterpene or diterpene glycoside however, the optimum temperaturemight be lower than average in order to optimize biomass stability. Thetemperature during this phase may be below 45° C., for instance below42° C., 40° C., 37° C., for instance below 35° C., 30° C., or below 28°C., 25° C., 22° C. or below 20° C. preferably above 15° C.

The invention thus provides a process for the preparation of a diterpeneor glycosylated diterpene which process comprises fermenting arecombinant microorganism capable of producing a diterpene orglycosylate diterpene in a suitable fermentation medium at a temperatureof about 29° C. or less, and optionally recovering the diterpene orglycosylated diterpene. The microorganism may be a microorganismaccording to the invention.

The temperature of fermentation in such a process may be about 29° C. orless, about 28° C. or less, about 27° C. or less, about 26° C. or lessor at a lower temperature.

The process for the production of a diterpene or diterpene glycosideaccording to the present invention may be carried out at any suitable pHvalue. If the recombinant microorganism is yeast, the pH in thefermentation medium preferably has a value of below 6, preferably below5.5, preferably below 5, preferably below 4.5, preferably below 4,preferably below pH 3.5 or below pH 3.0, or below pH 2.5, preferablyabove pH 2. An advantage of carrying out the fermentation at these lowpH values is that growth of contaminant bacteria in the fermentationmedium may be prevented.

Such a process may be carried out on an industrial scale.

The product of such a process may be one or more of steviolmonoside,steviolbioside, stevioside or rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F,rubusoside, dulcoside A. Preferably, rebaudioside A or rebaudioside D isproduced.

Recovery of the diterpene or diterpene glycoside from the fermentationmedium may be performed by known methods in the art, for instance bydistillation, vacuum extraction, solvent extraction, or evaporation.

In the process for the production of a diterpene or diterpene glycosideaccording to the invention, it may be possible to achieve aconcentration of above 5 mg/l fermentation broth, preferably above 10mg/l, preferably above 20 mg/l, preferably above 30 mg/l fermentationbroth, preferably above 40 mg/l, more preferably above 50 mg/l,preferably above 60 mg/l, preferably above 70, preferably above 80 mg/l,preferably above 100 mg/l, preferably above 1 g/l, preferably above 5g/l, preferably above 10 g/l, but usually below 70 g/l.

The present invention also relates to a fermentation broth comprising aditerpene and/or diterpene glycoside obtainable by the process accordingto the present invention. The diterpene or glycosylated diterpene may bea steviol glycoside, in particular rebaudioside A or rebaudioside D.

In the event that a diterpene or diterpene glycoside is expressed withinthe microorganism, such cells may need to be treated so as to releasethe diterpene/diterpene glycoside.

The invention also relates to a method for converting a firstglycosylated diterpene into a second glycosylated diterpene, whichmethod comprises:

contacting said first glycosylated diterpene with a microorganism asherein described, a cell free extract derived from such a microorganismor an enzyme preparation derived from either thereof,

thereby to convert the first glycosylated diterpene into the secondglycosylated diterpene.

The second glycosylated diterpene may be rebaudioside A or rebuadiosideD. In particular, the method may be carried out in a format such thatthe first glycosylated diterpene is rebaudioside A and the secondglycosylated diterpene is rebaudioside D.

The diterpene or diterpene glycoside, for example rebaudioside A orrebuadioside D, produced by the fermentation process according to thepresent invention may be used in any application known for suchcompounds. In particular, they may for instance be used as a sweetener,for example in a food or a beverage. For example steviol glycosides maybe formulated in soft drinks, as a tabletop sweetener, chewing gum,dairy product such as yoghurt (eg. plain yoghurt), cake, cereal orcereal-based food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, edible gel,confectionery product, cosmetic, toothpastes or other oral cavitycomposition, etc. In addition, a diterpene or diterpene glycoside can beused as a sweetener not only for drinks, foodstuffs, and other productsdedicated for human consumption, but also in animal feed and fodder withimproved characteristics.

Accordingly, the invention provides, inter alia, a foodstuff, feed orbeverage which comprises a diterpene or glycosylated prepared accordingto a process of the invention.

During the manufacturing of foodstuffs, drinks, pharmaceuticals,cosmetics, table top products, chewing gum the conventional methods suchas mixing, kneading, dissolution, pickling, permeation, percolation,sprinkling, atomizing, infusing and other methods can be used.

The diterpene or diterpene glycoside obtained in this invention can beused in dry or liquid forms. It can be added before or after heattreatment of food products. The amount of the sweetener depends on thepurpose of usage. It can be added alone or in the combination with othercompounds.

Compounds produced according to the method of the invention may beblended with one or more further non-calorific or calorific sweeteners.Such blending may be used to improve flavour or temporal profile orstability. A wide range of both non-calorific and calorific sweetenersmay be suitable for blending with steviol glycosides. For example,non-calorific sweeteners such as mogroside, monatin, aspartame,acesulfame salts, cyclamate, sucralose, saccharin salts or erythritol.Calorific sweeteners suitable for blending with steviol glycosidesinclude sugar alcohols and carbohydrates such as sucrose, glucose,fructose and HFCS. Sweet tasting amino acids such as glycine, alanine orserine may also be used.

The diterpene or diterpene glycoside can be used in the combination witha sweetener suppressor, such as a natural sweetener suppressor. It maybe combined with an umami taste enhancer, such as an amino acid or asalt thereof.

A diterpene or diterpene glycoside can be combined with a polyol orsugar alcohol, a carbohydrate, a physiologically active substance orfunctional ingredient (for example a carotenoid, dietary fiber, fattyacid, saponin, antioxidant, nutraceutical, flavonoid, isothiocyanate,phenol, plant sterol or stanol (phytosterols and phytostanols), apolyols, a prebiotic, a probiotic, a phytoestrogen, soy protein,sulfides/thiols, amino acids, a protein, a vitamin, a mineral, and/or asubstance classified based on a health benefits, such as cardiovascular,cholesterol-reducing or anti-inflammatory.

A composition with a diterpene or diterpene glycoside may include aflavoring agent, an aroma component, a nucleotide, an organic acid, anorganic acid salt, an inorganic acid, a bitter compound, a protein orprotein hydrolyzate, a surfactant, a flavonoid, an astringent compound,a vitamin, a dietary fiber, an antioxidant, a fatty acid and/or a salt.

A diterpene or diterpene glycoside of the invention may be applied as ahigh intensity sweetener to produce zero calorie, reduced calorie ordiabetic beverages and food products with improved tastecharacteristics. Also it can be used in drinks, foodstuffs,pharmaceuticals, and other products in which sugar cannot be used.

In addition, a diterpene or diterpene glycoside of the invention may beused as a sweetener not only for drinks, foodstuffs, and other productsdedicated for human consumption, but also in animal feed and fodder withimproved characteristics.

The examples of products where a diterpene or diterpene glycoside of theinvention composition can be used as a sweetening compound can be asalcoholic beverages such as vodka, wine, beer, liquor, sake, etc;natural juices, refreshing drinks, carbonated soft drinks, diet drinks,zero calorie drinks, reduced calorie drinks and foods, yogurt drinks,instant juices, instant coffee, powdered types of instant beverages,canned products, syrups, fermented soybean paste, soy sauce, vinegar,dressings, mayonnaise, ketchups, curry, soup, instant bouillon, powderedsoy sauce, powdered vinegar, types of biscuits, rice biscuit, crackers,bread, chocolates, caramel, candy, chewing gum, jelly, pudding,preserved fruits and vegetables, fresh cream, jam, marmalade, flowerpaste, powdered milk, ice cream, sorbet, vegetables and fruits packed inbottles, canned and boiled beans, meat and foods boiled in sweetenedsauce, agricultural vegetable food products, seafood, ham, sausage, fishham, fish sausage, fish paste, deep fried fish products, dried seafoodproducts, frozen food products, preserved seaweed, preserved meat,tobacco, medicinal products, and many others. In principal it can haveunlimited applications.

The sweetened composition comprises a beverage, non-limiting examples ofwhich include non-carbonated and carbonated beverages such as colas,ginger ales, root beers, ciders, fruit-flavored soft drinks (e.g.,citrus-flavored soft drinks such as lemon-lime or orange), powdered softdrinks, and the like; fruit juices originating in fruits or vegetables,fruit juices including squeezed juices or the like, fruit juicescontaining fruit particles, fruit beverages, fruit juice beverages,beverages containing fruit juices, beverages with fruit flavorings,vegetable juices, juices containing vegetables, and mixed juicescontaining fruits and vegetables; sport drinks, energy drinks, nearwater and the like drinks (e.g., water with natural or syntheticflavorants); tea type or favorite type beverages such as coffee, cocoa,black tea, green tea, oolong tea and the like; beverages containing milkcomponents such as milk beverages, coffee containing milk components,cafe au lait, milk tea, fruit milk beverages, drinkable yogurt, lacticacid bacteria beverages or the like; and dairy products.

Generally, the amount of sweetener present in a sweetened compositionvaries widely depending on the particular type of sweetened compositionand its desired sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art canreadily discern the appropriate amount of sweetener to put in thesweetened composition.

The diterpene or diterpene glycoside of the invention obtained in thisinvention can be used in dry or liquid forms. It can be added before orafter heat treatment of food products. The amount of the sweetenerdepends on the purpose of usage. It can be added alone or in thecombination with other compounds.

During the manufacturing of foodstuffs, drinks, pharmaceuticals,cosmetics, table top products, chewing gum the conventional methods suchas mixing, kneading, dissolution, pickling, permeation, percolation,sprinkling, atomizing, infusing and other methods can be used.

Thus, compositions of the present invention can be made by any methodknown to those skilled in the art that provide homogenous even orhomogeneous mixtures of the ingredients. These methods include dryblending, spray drying, agglomeration, wet granulation, compaction,co-crystallization and the like.

In solid form a diterpene or diterpene glycoside of the invention of thepresent invention can be provided to consumers in any form suitable fordelivery into the comestible to be sweetened, including sachets,packets, bulk bags or boxes, cubes, tablets, mists, or dissolvablestrips. The composition can be delivered as a unit dose or in bulk form.

For liquid sweetener systems and compositions convenient ranges offluid, semi-fluid, paste and cream forms, appropriate packing usingappropriate packing material in any shape or form shall be inventedwhich is convenient to carry or dispense or store or transport anycombination containing any of the above sweetener products orcombination of product produced above.

The composition may include various bulking agents, functionalingredients, colorants, flavors.

A reference herein to a patent document or other matter which is givenas prior art is not to be taken as an admission that that document ormatter was known or that the information it contains was part of thecommon general knowledge as at the priority date of any of the claims.

The disclosure of each reference set forth herein is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following Examples:

EXAMPLES General

Standard genetic techniques, such as overexpression of enzymes in thehost cells, as well as for additional genetic modification of hostcells, are known methods in the art, such as described in Sambrook andRussel (2001) “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3^(rd) edition),Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, orF. Ausubel et al, eds., “Current protocols in molecular biology”, GreenPublishing and Wiley Interscience, New York (1987). Methods fortransformation and genetic modification of fungal host cells are knownfrom e.g. EP-A-0 635 574, WO 98/46772, WO 99/60102 and WO 00/37671.

A description of the sequences is set out in Table 1. Sequencesdescribed herein may be defined with reference to the sequence listingor with reference to the database accession numbers also set out inTable 1.

Example 1 Over-Expression of ERG20, BTS1 and tHMG in S. cerevisiae

For over-expression of ERG20, BTS1 tHMG1, expression cassettes weredesigned to be integrated in one locus using technology described inco-pending patent application no. PCT/EP2013/056623. To amplify the 5′and 3′ integration flanks for the integration locus, suitable primersand genomic DNA from a CEN.PK yeast strain (van Dijken et al. Enzyme andMicrobial Technology 26 (2000) 706-714) was used. The different geneswere ordered as cassettes (containing homologous sequence, promoter,gene, terminator, homologous sequence) at DNA2.0. The genes in thesecassettes were flanked by constitutive promoters and terminators. SeeTable 2. Plasmid DNA from DNA2.0 containing the ERG20, tHMG1 and BTS1cassettes were dissolved to a concentration of 100 ng/μl. In a 50 μl PCRmix 20 ng template was used together with 20 pmol of the primers. Thematerial was dissolved to a concentration of 0.5 μg/μl.

TABLE 2 Composition of the over-expression constructs. Promoter ORFTerminator Eno2 (SEQ ID Erg20 (SEQ ID NO: 81) Adh1 (SEQ ID NO: 212) NO:201) Fba1 (SEQ ID tHMG1 (SEQ ID NO: 79) Adh2 (SEQ ID NO: 213) NO: 202)Tef1 (SEQ ID Bts1 (SEQ ID NO: 83) Gmp1 (SEQ ID NO: 214) NO: 203)

For amplification of the selection marker, the pUG7-EcoRV construct(FIG. 1) and suitable primers were used. The KanMX fragment was purifiedfrom gel using the Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery kit (ZymoResearch). Yeaststrain Cen.PK113-3C was transformed with the fragments listed in Table3.

TABLE 3 DNA fragments used for transformation of ERG20, tHMG1 and BTS1Fragment 5′YPRcTau3 ERG20 cassette tHMG1 cassette KanMX cassatte BTS1cassette 3′YPRcTau3

After transformation and recovery for 2.5 hours in YEPhD (yeast extractphytone peptone glucose; BBL Phytone Peptone from BD) at 30° C. thecells were plated on YEPhD agar with 200 μg/ml G418 (Sigma). The plateswere incubated at 30° C. for 4 days. Correct integration was establishedwith diagnostic PCR and sequencing. Over-expression was confirmed withLC/MS on the proteins. The schematic of the assembly of ERG20, tHMG1 andBTS1 is illustrated in FIG. 2. This strain is named STV002.

Expression of the CRE-recombinase in this strain led toout-recombination of the KanMX marker. Correct out-recombination, andpresence of ERG20, tHMG and BTS1 was established with diagnostic PCR.

Example 2 Knock Down of Erg9

For reducing the expression of Erg9, an Erg9 knock down construct wasdesigned and used that contains a modified 3′ end, that continues intothe TRP1 promoter driving TRP1 expression.

The construct containing the Erg9-KD fragment was transformed to E. coliTOP10 cells. Transformants were grown in 2PY (2 times Phytone peptoneYeast extract), sAMP medium. Plasmid DNA was isolated with the QlAprepSpin Miniprep kit (Qiagen) and digested with Sall-HF (New EnglandBiolabs). To concentrate, the DNA was precipitated with ethanol. Thefragment was transformed to S. cerevisiae, and colonies were plated onmineral medium (Verduyn et al, 1992. Yeast 8:501-517) agar plateswithout tryptophan. Correct integration of the Erg9-KD construct wasconfirmed with diagnostic PCR and sequencing. The schematic of performedtransformation of the Erg9-KD construct is illustrated in FIG. 3. Thestrain was named STV003.

Example 3 Over-Expression of UGT2 1a

For over-expression of UGT2_1a, technology was used as described inco-pending patent application nos. PCT/EP2013/056623 andPCT/EP2013/055047. The UGT2_1a was ordered as a cassette (containinghomologous sequence, promoter, gene, terminator, homologous sequence) atDNA2.0. For details, see Table 4. To obtain the fragments containing themarker and Cre-recombinase, technology was used as described inco-pending patent application no. PCT/EP2013/055047. The NAT marker,conferring resistance to nourseothricin was used for selection.

TABLE 4 Composition of the over-expression construct Promoter ORFTerminator Pgk1 (SEQ ID UGT2_1a (SEQ Adh2 (SEQ ID NO: 204) ID NO: 87)NO: 213)

Suitable primers were used for amplification. To amplify the 5′ and 3′integration flanks for the integration locus, suitable primers andgenomic DNA from a CEN.PK yeast strain was used.

S. cerevisiae yeast strain STV003 was transformed with the fragmentslisted in Table 5, and the transformation mix was plated on YEPhD agarplates containing 50 μg/mlnourseothricin (Lexy NTC from JenaBioscience).

TABLE 5 DNA fragments used for transformation of UGT2_1a Fragment5′Chr09.01 UGT2_1a cassette NAT-CR RE 3′Chr09.01

Expression of the CRE recombinase is activated by the presence ofgalactose. To induce the expression of the CRE recombinase,transformants were restreaked on YEPh Galactose medium. This resulted inout-recombination of the marker(s) located between lox sites. Correctintegration of the UGT2a and out-recombination of the NAT marker wasconfirmed with diagnostic PCR. The resulting strain was named STV004.The schematic of the performed transformation of the UGT2_1a constructis illustrated in FIG. 4.

Example 4 Over-Expression of Production Pathway to RebA: CPS, KS, KO,KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3 and UGT4

All pathway genes leading to the production of RebA were designed to beintegrated in one locus using technology described in co-pending patentapplication no. PCT/EP2013/056623. To amplify the 5′ and 3′ integrationflanks for the integration locus, suitable primers and genomic DNA froma CEN.PK yeast strain was used. The different genes were ordered ascassettes (containing homologous sequence, promoter, gene, terminator,homologous sequence) at DNA2.0 (see Table 5 for overview). The DNA fromDNA2.0 was dissolved to 100 ng/μl. This stock solution was furtherdiluted to 5 ng/μl, of which 1 μl was used in a 50 μl-PCR mixture. Thereaction contained 25 pmol of each primer. After amplification, DNA waspurified with the NucleoSpin 96 PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel) oralternatively concentrated using ethanol precipitation.

TABLE 6 Sequences used for production pathway to RebA Promoter ORF SEQID Terminator Kl prom 12.pro trCPS_SR 61 Sc ADH2.ter(SEQ (SEQ ID NO:205) ID NO:) Sc PGK1.pro (SEQ trKS_SR 65 Sc TAL1.ter (SEQ ID NO: 204) IDNO: 215) Sc ENO2.pro (SEQ KO_2 23 Sc TPI1.ter (SEQ ID ID NO: 201) NO:216) Ag lox_TEF1.pro KANMX 211 Ag TEF1_lox.ter (SEQ ID NO: 206) (SEQ IDNO: 217) Sc TEF1.pro (SEQ KAH_4 33 Sc GPM1.ter (SEQ ID NO: 203) ID NO:214) Kl prom 6.pro CPR_SR 59 Sc PDC1.ter (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 207) ID NO:218) Kl prom 3.pro UGT1_SR 71 Sc TDH1.ter (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 221) ID NO:219) Kl prom 2.pro UGT3_SR 73 Sc ADH1.ter (SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 222) ID NO:212) Sc FBA1.pro (SEQ UGT4_SR 75 Sc ENO1.ter (SEQ ID NO: 202) ID NO:220)

All fragments for the pathway to RebA, the marker and the flanks (seeoverview in Table 7) were transformed to S. cerevisiae yeast strainSTV004. After overnight recovery in YEPhD at 20° C. the transformationmixes were plated on YEPhD agar containing 200 μg/ml G418. These wereincubated 3 days at 25° C. and one night at RT.

TABLE 7 DNA fragments used for transformation of CPS, KS, KO, KanMX,KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3 and UGT4. Fragment 5′INT1 CPS cassette KS cassetteKO cassette KanMX cassette KAH cassette CPR cassette UGT1 cassette UGT3cassette UGT4 cassette 3′INT1

Correct integration was confirmed with diagnostic PCR and sequenceanalysis (3500 Genetic Analyzer, Applied Biosystems). The sequencereactions were done with the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit(Life Technologies). Each reaction (10 μl) contained 50 ng template and3.2 pmol primer. The products were purified by ethanol/EDTAprecipitation, dissolved in 10 μl HiDi formamide and applied onto theapparatus. The strain was named STV016. The schematic of how the pathwayfrom GGPP to RebA is integrated into the genome is illustrated in FIG.5.

Example 5 Construction of Strain STV027

To remove the KanMX marker from the chromosome of strain STV016, thisstrain was transformed with plasmid pSH65, expressing Cre-recombinase(Güldender, 2002). Subsequently plasmid pSH65 was cured from the strainby growing on non-selective medium (YEP 2% glucose). The resulting,KanMX-free and pSH65-free strains, as determined by plating on platescontaining 200 μg G418/ml or 20 μg phleomycin/ml, where no growth shouldoccur, was named STV027. Absence of the KanMX marker was furthermoreconfirmed with diagnostic PCR.

Example 6 Construction of Deletion Strains

Gene knock-out strains were obtained using technology that has beendescribed in co-pending patent application no. PCT/EP2013/055047. Forthe purpose of deleting a target gene, a knock out cassette whichconsists of 4 PCR fragments is transformed to S. cerevisiae andassembled in vivo through homologous recombination. The cassetteconsists of a 5′- and 3′-flank of approximately 500 bp homologous to thetargeted gene, a Cre1 KanMX fragment and a Cre2 fragment containing theselectable KanMX marker after assembly. Together, KanMX and Cre areflanked by lox sites enabling out-recombination after induction of Crerecombinase. The PCR fragments are designed to have homologous regionsto their neighboring fragment enabling in vivo assembly aftertransformation. This homologous region is added by means of primerextension. The 5′-flank fragment has a 50 bp overlap with the Cre1 KanMXfragment, the Cre1 KanMX fragment has 100 bp overlap with the Cre2fragment and the Cre2 fragment has 50 bp overlap with the 3′-flankfragment.

The 5′- and 3′-flank fragments were PCR amplified using a S. cerevisiaeCEN-PK genomic DNA isolate as template. To obtain the fragmentscontaining the marker and Cre-recombinase, technology was used asdescribed in co-pending patent application no. PCT/EP2013/055047. TheKanMX marker, conferring resistance to G418 was used for selection.

S. cerevisiae yeast strain STV027 was transformed with the fragmentslisted in Table 8, and the transformation mix was plated on YEPhD agarplates containing 200 μg/ml G418. The plates were incubated for 72 hoursat 30° C. The schematic of how the target genes were deleted isillustrated in FIG. 6.

TABLE 8 DNA fragments used for deletion of specific genes. The 5′-GOI(gene of interest) and 3′-GOI (gene of interest) fragments are uniquefor each deletion target. Fragment 5′-GOI KAN-CR RE 3′-GOI

Colonies of each gene KO target were selected and purified by streakingthem on selective YEPh-D agar containing 200 μg/ml G418. To induce theexpression of the CRE recombinase, purified transformants wereinoculated in YEPh Galactose medium. This resulted in out-recombinationof the KanMX and Cre located between lox sites. The cultures werepurified by streaking on non-selective YEPh-D agar medium. Correctdeletion of the target gene and out-recombination of the KanMX markerand Cre-recombinase was confirmed with diagnostic PCR. The resultingstrains were named STV041-STV052 The schematic of the performedtransformation of the deletion construct is illustrated in FIG. 6. Table8 summarizes the S. cerevisiae strains that were constructed.

TABLE 8 S. cerevisiae strains Strain Background Genotype Cen.PK113- —MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 3C STV002 Cen.PK113- MATa URA3HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, 3C tHMG1, KanMX, BTS1STV003 STV002 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20,tHMG1, KanMX, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 STV004 STV003 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1Chr09.01::UGT2 STV016 STV004 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KanMX, KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3, UGT4 STV027 STV016 MATaURA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2 INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1,UGT3, UGT4 STV041 STV027 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3, UGT4, lpp1Δ0 STV042 STV027 MATaURA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2 INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1,UGT3, UGT4, dpp1Δ0 STV043 STV027 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8CSUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3, UGT4, rox1Δ0 STV044 STV027 MATaURA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2 INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1,UGT3, UGT4, yjl064wΔ0 STV045 STV027 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8CSUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3, UGT4, ypl062wΔ0 STV046 STV027MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2 INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1,UGT3, UGT4, exg1Δ0 STV047 STV027 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8CSUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3, UGT4, exg2Δ0 STV048 STV027 MATaURA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2 INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1,UGT3, UGT4, gsy1Δ0 STV049 STV027 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8CSUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3, UGT4, gsy2Δ0 STV050 STV027 MATaURA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8C SUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2 INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1,UGT3, UGT4, yno1Δ0 STV052 STV027 MATa URA3 HIS3 LEU2 trp1-289 MAL2-8CSUC2 YPRcTau3::ERG20, tHMG1, BTS1 ERG9::ERG9-KD TRP1 Chr09.01::UGT2INT1::CPS, KS, KO, KAH, CPR, UGT1, UGT3, UGT4, jen1Δ0

Example 7 Fermentation Experiments with Deletion Strains

A pre-culture was inoculated with colony material from YEPh-D agar. Thepre-culture was grown in 200 μl mineral medium with glucose as carbonsource. The pre-culture was incubated 72 hours in an Infors incubator at27° C., 750 rpm and 80% humidity.

40 μl of pre-culture was used to inoculate 2.5 ml mineral medium withglucose as carbon source. The main cultures were incubated 120 hours inan Infors incubator at 27° C., 550 rpm, 80% humidity. The cultures werewell homogenized by pipetting up and down and 1 ml of culture wastransferred to a 96-well plate. The 96-well plate was incubated for 15minutes at 95° C. in a waterbath and cooled down to room temperature. Toeach well 0.5 ml of acetonitril was added and homogenized by pipettingup and down. The cell debris was pelleted by centrifugation at 3000×gfor 10 minutes. The supernatant was diluted 200 times in 33%acetonitril. Samples were analyzed for RebA using LC/MS. RebA(RV0141-94, DAE Pyung Co. Ltd) was used as standard.

We found that the strains that had the particular gene deletions asdescribed, produced higher titers of RebA compared to the parent strain.For an overview of the results, see Table 9.

TABLE 9 Rebaudioside A production. Strain RebA (mg/L) STV027 63 STV041104 STV042 94 STV043 98 STV044 115 STV045 103 STV046 99 STV047 100STV048 103 STV049 104 STV050 97 STV052 100

Example 8 Over-Expression of UGT2, tHMGopt and GGSopt in Yarrowialipolytica

All transformations were carried out via a lithium acetate/PEG fungaltransformation protocol method and transformants were selected onminimal medium, YPD+100 ug/ml nourseothricin or YPD+100 ug/mlhygromycin, as appropriate.

Strain ML10371 was transformed with 5 defined DNA fragments.

1) a 7.0 kb DNA fragment isolated by gel purification followingHindIII/Notl digestion of plasmid MB6969 (FIG. 8). This constructencodes a synthetic construct for the overexpression of UGT2 (SEQ ID NO:192) linked to the native Y. lipolytica pPGM promoter and xprTterminator and the HPH hygromycin resistance gene, together flanked bylox sites, and a synthetic construct for the overexpression of the codonoptimized Y. lipolytica hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase openreading frame lacking the 5′ membrane anchor sequence (tHMGopt—SEQ IDNO: 79) linked to the native Y. lipolytica pHSP promoter and cwpTterminator.

2) a 2.7 kb DNA fragment isolated by gel purification followingHindIII/SspIdigestion of MB6856 (FIG. 9). This construct encodes tHMGoptlinked to the native Y. lipolytica pHYPO promoter and gpdT terminator.

3) a 2.5 kb DNA fragment isolated by gel purification following SspIdigestion of MB6857 (FIG. 10). This construct encodes tHMGopt linked tothe native Y. lipolytica pHSP promoter and cwpT terminator.

4) a 2.0 kb DNA fragment isolated by gel purification following SspIdigestion of MB6948 (FIG. 11). This construct encodes a syntheticconstruct for the overexpression of the codon optimized Y. lipolyticageranyl-geranyl-pyrophosphate synthetase (GGSopt—SEQ ID NO: 83) linkedto the native Y. lipolytica pHSP promoter and cwpT terminator.

5) a 2.2 kb DNA fragment isolated by gel purification followingHindIII/SspI digestion of MB6958 (FIG. 12). This construct encodesGGSopt linked to the native Y. lipolytica pHYPO promoter and gpdTterminator.

One of the transformants that contained UGT2, and at least one copy oftHMGopt and GGSopt was denoted ML13462.

Example 9 Over-Expression of UGT1, UGT3 and UGT4

Strain ML13462 was transformed with a 9.7 kb fragment isolated by gelpurification following Sfil digestion of plasmid MB7015 (FIG. 13). Thisconstruct encodes a synthetic construct for the overexpression of UGT1(SEQ ID NO: 189) linked to the native Y. lipolytica pENO promoter andgpdT terminator, UGT3 (SEQ ID NO: 190) linked to the native Y.lipolytica pHSP promoter and pgmT terminator, UGT4 (SEQ ID NO: 191)linked to the native Y. lipolytica pCWP promoter and pgkT terminator,and the lox-flanked nourseothricin resistance marker (NAT). Anourseothricin resistant isolate was denoted ML13500.

Example 10 Over-Expression of an Additional Copy of tHMGopt and GGSopt

Strain ML13500 was transformed with a 9.1 kb fragment isolated by gelpurification following Pvul/Sapl digestion of plasmid MB6986 (FIG. 14).This construct encodes tHMGopt linked to the native Y. lipolytica pHSPpromoter and cwpT terminator, the lox-flanked URA3blaster prototrophicmarker, and GGSopt linked to the native Y. lipolytica pHYPO promoter andgpdT terminator. Transformants were selected on minimal medium lackinguracil. One selected uracil prototroph was denoted ML13723.

Example 11 Over-Expression of tCPS SR, tKS SR, KAH 4, KO Gib and CPR 3

Strain ML13723 was transformed with an 18.1 kb fragment isolated by gelpurification following Sfil digestion of plasmid MB7059 (FIG. 15).MB7059 encodes the tCPS_SR (SEQ Id NO: 182) linked to the native Y.lipolytica pCWP promoter and cwpT terminator, the tKS_SR (SEQ ID NO:183) linked to the native Y. lipolytica pHYPO promoter and gpdTterminator, the KAH_4 (SEQ ID NO: 185) linked to the native Y.lipolytica pHSP promoter and pgmT terminator, the KO_Gib (SEQ ID NO:186) linked to the native Y. lipolytica pTPI promoter and pgkTterminator, the CPR_3 (SEQ ID NO: 188) linked to the native Y.lipolytica pENO promoter and xprT terminator and the native Y.lipolytica LEU2 locus. One selected rebaudioside A-producingtransformant was denoted ML14032.

Example 12 Disruption of GSY1 (YALIOF18502) in Strain ML14032

Strain ML14032 was struck to YPD and grown overnight and then struck to5-FOA plates to allow for loss of the URA3 marker introduced in Step 3.One selected 5-FOA-resistant transformant was denoted ML14093.

An internal fragment of 1008 bp of the GSY1 gene (1001 to 3073 of SEQ IDNO: 246) was PCR amplified from the Y. lipolytica genome using forwardprimer ATTATTAAGCTTcgacattgaggtggaggaga (SEQ ID NO: 247) and reverseprimer TAATAAACGCGTtgctgctggatttcgttgac (SEQ ID NO: 248). This internalGSY1 fragment was cloned in an appropriate vector. The resulting vectorMB4691_(—) YALIOF18502g (FIG. 16) was linearized with BstEll, for whicha unique restriction site was present in the cloned PCR fragment. Aftertransformation and selection on mineral media, transformants were testedfor correct integration with diagnostic PCR. The disruption of the GSY1gene is illustrated in FIG. 17.

Example 13 Fermentation Experiments with Y. lipolytica Gsy1 DisruptionStrain

A pre-culture was inoculated with colony material from YEPD agar. Thepre-culture was grown in 800 μl YEP with glucose as carbon source. Thepre-culture was incubated 72 hours in an Infors incubator at 30° C., 800rpm and 80% humidity.

40 μl of pre-culture was used to inoculate 2.5 ml YEP with glucose ascarbon source. The main cultures were incubated 120 hours in an Inforsincubator at 30° C., 800 rpm, 80% humidity. The cultures were spun downand supernatant was analyzed for RebA with LC/MS. RebA (RV0141-94, DAEPyung Co. Ltd) was used as standard.

The gsy1 disruption strain was compared to the prototrophic precursorstrain, ML14032. We found that strains with the GSY1 disruption asdescribed, produced higher titers of RebA, roughly 50% more compared tothe parent strain. For an overview of the results, see Table 10.

TABLE 10 Rebaudioside A production Strain RebA (mg/L) ML14032 83 ML14093gsy1 disruption 122

TABLE 1  Description of the sequence listing Nucleic Nucleic acid acid (CpO (CpO for S. for Y. Amino cerevisiae) lipolytica) acid Id*UniProt{circumflex over ( )} Organism SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID CPS_1Q9FXV9 Lactuca sativa (Garden 1 151 NO: 2 Lettuce) SEQ ID NO: 3SEQ ID NO: 152 SEQ ID NO: 4 tCPS_1

Lactuca sativa (Garden Lettuce) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID CPS_2D2X8G0 Picea glauca 5 153 NO: 6 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID CPS_3Q45221 Bradyrhizobium 7 154 NO: 8 japonicum SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDKS_1 Q9FXV8 Lactuca sativa (Garden 9 155 NO: 10 Lettuce) SEQ ID NO: 11SEQ ID NO: 156 SEQ ID NO: 12 tKS_1

Lactuca sativa (Garden Lettuce) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KS_2 D2X8G1Picea glauca 13 157 NO: 14 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KS_3 Q45222Bradyrhizobium 15 158 NO: 16 japonicum SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDCPSKS_1 O13284 Phaeosphaeria sp 17 159 NO: 18 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID CPSKS_2 Q9UVY5 Gibberella fujikuroi 19 160 NO: 20 SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KO_1 B5MEX5 Lactuca sativa (Garden 21 161 NO: 22Lettuce) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KO_2 B5MEX6 Lactuca sativa (Garden23 162 NO: 24 Lettuce) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KO_3 B5DBY4Sphaceloma manihoticola 25 163 NO: 26 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KAH_1Q2HYU7 Artemisia annua (Sweet 27 164 NO: 28 wormwood). SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KAH_2 B9SBP0 Ricinus communis (Castor 29 165 NO: 30bean). SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KAH_3 Q0NZP1 Stevia rebaudiana 31166 NO: 32 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KAH_4 JP20090658Arabidopsis thaliana 33 167 NO: 34 86 (Mouse-ear cress) SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT1_1 A9X3L6 Ixeris dentata var. 35 168 NO: 36albiflora. SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT1_2 B9SIN2Ricinus communis (Castor 37 169 NO: 38 bean). SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID UGT3_1 A9X3L7 Ixeris dentata var. 39 170 NO: 40 AlbifloraSEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT3_2 B9IEM5 Populus trichocarpa 41 171NO: 42 (Western balsam poplar) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT3_3Q9M6E7 Nicotiana tabacum 43 172 NO: 44 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDUGT3_4 A3E7Y9 Vaccaria hispanica 45 173 NO: 46 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID UGT3_5 P10249 Streptococcus mutans 47 174 NO: 48 SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT4_1 A4F1T4 Lobelia erinus (Edging 49 175 NO: 50lobelia) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT4_2 Q9M052 Arabidopsis thaliana51 176 NO: 52 (Mouse-ear cress) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID CPR_1Q7Z8R1 Gibberella fujikuroi 53 177 NO: 54 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDCPR_2 Q9SB48 Arabidopsis thaliana 55 178 NO: 56 (Mouse-ear cress)SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID CPR_3 Q9SUM3 Arabidopsis thaliana 57 179NO: 58 (Mouse-ear cress) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID CPS_SR O22667Stevia rebaudiana 59 141 NO: 60 SEQ ID NO: 61 SEQ ID NO: 142 SEQ IDNO: 62 tCPS_SR

Stevia rebaudiana SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KS_SR Q9XEI0Stevia rebaudiana 63 143 NO: 64 SEQ ID NO: 65 SEQ ID NO: 144 SEQ IDNO: 66 tKS_SR

Stevia rebaudiana SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KO_SR Q4VCL5Stevia rebaudiana 67 145 NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 SEQ ID NO: 146 SEQ IDNO: 70 KAH_SR

Stevia rebaudiana SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT1_SR Q6VAB0Stevia rebaudiana 71 147 NO: 72 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT3_SRQ6VAA6 Stevia rebaudiana 73 148 NO: 74 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDUGT4_SR Q6VAB4 Stevia rebaudiana 75 149 NO: 76 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID CPR_SR Q216J8 Stevia rebaudiana 77 150 NO: 78 SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDtHMG1 G2WJY0 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 79 NO: 80 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID ERG20E7LW73 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 81 NO: 82 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID BTS1 E7Q9V5Saccharomyces cerevisiae 83 NO: 84 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KO_GibfuO94142 Gibberella fujikuroi 85 180 NO: 86 SEQ ID NO: 87 SEQ ID NO: 181SEQ ID NO: 88 UGT2_1a

Stevia rebaudiana SEQ iD NO: SEQ ID KAH_ASR1 Xxx S. rebaudiana 89 NO: 90SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KAH_ASR2 Q0NZP1_STE S. rebaudiana 91 NO: 92 RESEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KAH_AAT Q6NKZ8_AR A. thaliana 93 NO: 94 ATH SEQ ID NO:95 SEQ ID NO: 96 KAH_AVV

Vitis vinifera SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID KAH_AMT Q2MJ20_ME Medicago truncatula97 NO: 98 DTR SEQ ID NO: 99 SEQ ID NO: 100 UGT2_1b

S. rebaudiana SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT2_2 Q53UH5_IPO I. purpurea 101NO: 102 PU SEQ ID NO: 103 SEQ ID NO: 104 UGT2_3

Bellis perennis SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT2_4 B3VI56 S. rebaudiana 105NO: 106 SEQ iD NO: SEQ ID UGT2_5 Q6VAA8 S. rebaudiana 107 NO: 108SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT2_6 Q8LKG3 S. rebaudiana 109 NO: 110 SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID UGT2_7 B9HSH7_PO Populus trichocarpa 111 NO: 112 PTR SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID UGT_RD1 Q6VAA3 S. rebaudiana 113 NO: 114 SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDUGT_RD2 Q8H6A4 S. rebaudiana 115 NO: 116 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD3Q6VAA4 S. rebaudiana 117 NO: 118 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD4 Q6VAA5S. rebaudiana 119 NO: 120 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD5 Q6VAA7 S. rebaudiana121 NO: 122 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD6 Q6VAA8 S. rebaudiana 123 NO: 124SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD7 Q6VAA9 S. rebaudiana 125 NO: 126 SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID UGT_RD8 Q6VAB1 S. rebaudiana 127 NO: 128 SEQ ID NO: SEQ IDUGT_RD9 Q6VAB2 S. rebaudiana 129 NO: 130 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD10Q6VAB3 S. rebaudiana 131 NO: 132 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD11 B9VVB1S. rebaudiana 133 NO: 134 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD12 C7EA09S. rebaudiana 135 NO: 136 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD13 Q8LKG3S. rebaudiana 137 NO: 138 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID UGT_RD14 B3VI56S. rebaudiana 139 NO: 140 SEQ ID NO: tCPS 182 SEQ ID NO: tKS 183SEQ ID NO: CPSKS 184 SEQ ID NO: KAH4 185 SEQ ID NO: KO_Gibfu 186SEQ ID NO: CPR1 187 SEQ ID NO: CPR3 188 SEQ ID NO: UGT1 189 SEQ ID NO:UGT3 190 SEQ ID NO: UGT4 191 SEQ ID NO: UGT2_1a 192 SEQ ID NO: pTPI 193SEQ ID NO: gpdT-pGPD 194 SEQ ID NO: pgmT-pTEF 195 SEQ ID NO: pgkT-pPGM196 SEQ ID NO: LEU2 and 197 flanking sequences SEQ ID NO:vector sequences 198 SEQ ID NO: pENO 199 SEQ ID NO: HPH 200 SEQ ID NO:Sc Eno2.pro 201 SEQ ID NO: Sc Fba1.pro 202 SEQ ID NO: Sc Tef1.pro 203SEQ ID NO: Sc Pgk1.pro 204 SEQ ID NO: KI prom 12.pro 205 SEQ ID NO:Ag lox_TEF1.pro 206 SEQ ID NO: KI prom 6.pro 207 SEQ ID NO: Sc Pma1.pro208 SEQ ID NO: Sc Vps68.pro 209 SEQ ID NO: Sc Oye2.pro 210 SEQ ID NO:KANMX ORF 211 SEQ ID NO: Adh1.ter 212 SEQ ID NO: Adh2.ter 213 SEQ ID NO:Gmp1.ter 214 SEQ ID NO: Sc Tal1.ter 215 SEQ ID NO: Sc Tpi1.ter 216SEQ ID NO: Ag Tef1_lox.ter 217 SEQ ID NO: Sc Pdc1.ter 218 SEQ ID NO:Sc Tdh1.ter 219 SEQ ID NO: Sc Eno1.ter 220 SEQ ID NO: KI prom3.pro 221SEQ ID NO: KI prom2.pro 222 SEQ ID NO: Sc PRE3. Pro 223 SEQ ID NO:YDR294C (DPP1) S. cerevisiae 224 SEQ ID YDR294C (DPP1) S. cerevisiaeNO: 225 SEQ ID NO: YDR503C (LPP1) S. cerevisiae 226 SEQ IDYDR503C (LPP1) S. cerevisiae NO: 227 SEQ ID NO: YLR300W (EXG1)S. cerevisiae 228 SEQ ID YLR300W (EXG1) S. cerevisiae NO: 229 SEQ ID NO:YDR261C (EXG2) S. cerevisiae 230 SEQ ID YDR261C (EXG2) S. cerevisiaeNO: 231 SEQ ID NO: YFR015C (GSY1) S. cerevisiae 232 SEQ IDYFR015C (GSY1) S. cerevisiae NO: 233 SEQ ID NO: YLR258W (GSY2)S. cerevisiae 234 SEQ ID YLR258W (GSY2) S. cerevisiae NO: 235 SEQ ID NO:YPRO65W (ROX1) S. cerevisiae 236 SEQ ID YPRO65W (ROX1) S. cerevisiaeNO: 237 SEQ ID NO: YGL160W (YNO1) S. cerevisiae 238 SEQ IDYGL160W (YNO1) S. cerevisiae NO: 239 SEQ ID NO: YKL217W (JEN1)S. cerevisiae 240 SEQ ID YKL217W (JEN1) S. cerevisiae NO: 241 SEQ ID NO:YJL064W S. cerevisiae 242 SEQ ID YJL064W S. cerevisiae NO: 243SEQ ID NO: YPL062W S. cerevisiae 244 SEQ ID YPL062W S. cerevisiaeNO: 245 SEQ ID NO: GSY1 sequence Y. lipolytica 246 SEQ ID NO: PrimerY. lipolytica 247 SEQ ID NO: Primer Y. lipolytica 248 SEQ ID NO:YALI0F18502g Y. lipolytica 249 (GSY1) SEQ ID YALI0F18502p Y. lipolyticaNO: 250 (GSY1) greyed out ids are truncated and thus a fragment ofmentioned UniProt id

1. A recombinant microorganism comprising one or more nucleotidesequence(s) encoding: a polypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphatesynthase activity; a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene synthase activity; apolypeptide having ent-Kaurene oxidase activity; and a polypeptidehaving kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity, whereby expression of thenucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) on the microorganism the ability toproduce at least steviol, and wherein said recombinant microorganism hasbeen modified in its genome such that it results in a deficiency in theproduction of one or more of: (i) a phosphatase capable of acting ongeranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) resulting in the formation ofgeranylgeraniol (GOH); (ii) a phosphatase capable of acting onfarnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) resulting in the formation of farnesol andnerolidol; (iii) an exo-1,3-β glucanase; (iv) a glycogen synthase (or apolypeptide that influences glycogen accumulation); (v) atranscriptional repressor of hypoxic genes (ROX1) (vi) an NADPH oxidase;or (vii) a monocarboxylate transporter (JEN1) (viii) a polypeptidehaving activity as encoded for by the open reading frame, YJL064w; or(ix) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for by the open readingframe, YPL062w.
 2. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 1,wherein said recombinant microorganism has been modified in the genomethereof such that said modification results in a deficiency inproduction of one or more of: (i) a phosphatase capable of acting ongeranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) resulting in the formation ofgeranylgeraniol (GOH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at leastabout 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 225; (ii) a phosphatasecapable of acting on farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) resulting in theformation of farnesol and nerolidol comprising an amino acid sequencehaving at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 227; (iii)an exo-1,3-β glucanase comprising an amino acid sequence having at leastabout 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 229 or 231; (iv) a glycogensynthase (or a polypeptide that influences glycogen accumulation)comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 30% sequenceidentity with SEQ ID NO: 233, 235 or 250; (v) a transcriptionalrepressor of hypoxic genes comprising an amino acid sequence having atleast about 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 237; (vi) an NADPHoxidase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 30%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:239; (vii) a monocarboxylatetransporter comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 30%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:241; (viii) a polypeptide havingactivity as encoded for by the open reading frame YJL064w comprising anamino acid sequence having at least about 30% sequence identity with SEQID NO: 243; or (ix) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for by theopen reading frame YJL062w comprising an amino acid sequence having atleast about 30% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:
 245. 3. A recombinantmicroorganism according to claim 1, wherein said recombinantmicroorganism has been modified in the genome thereof in at least oneposition of one or more of (i) a nucleic acid encoding a phosphatasecapable of acting on geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) resulting in theformation of geranylgeraniol (GOH) which comprises a nucleic acidsequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:224; (ii) a nucleic acid encoding a phosphatase capable of acting onfarnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) resulting in the formation of farnesol andnerolidol which comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least about60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 226; (iii) a nucleic acid encodingan exo-1,3-β glucanase which comprises a nucleic acid sequence having atleast about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 228 or 230; (iv) anucleic acid encoding a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide thatinfluences glycogen accumulation) which comprises a nucleic acidsequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:232, 234 or 249; (v) a nucleic acid encoding a transcriptional repressorof hypoxic genes which comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at leastabout 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:236; (vi) a nucleic acidencoding an NADPH oxidase which comprises a nucleic acid sequence havingat least about 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 238; (vii) anucleic acid encoding a monocarboxylate transporter which comprises anucleic acid sequence having at least about 60% sequence identity withSEQ ID NO: 240; (viii) a nucleic acid encoding polypeptide havingactivity as encoded for by the open reading frame YJL064w comprising anamino acid sequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQID NO: 242; or (ix) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide havingactivity as encoded for by the open reading frame YJL062w comprising anamino acid sequence having at least about 60% sequence identity with SEQID NO:
 244. 4. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, whereinthe deficiency in the production of a polypeptide is a reduction inproduction of at least about 40%.
 5. A recombinant microorganismaccording to claim 1, wherein the microorganism comprises one or morenucleotide sequences encoding a polypeptide havingUDP-glucosyltransferase activity, whereby expression of the nucleotidesequence(s) confer(s) on the microorganism the ability to produce atleast one of steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, stevioside or rebaudiosideA, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside F, rubusoside, dulcoside A.
 6. A recombinant microorganismaccording to claim 5, wherein the microorganism comprises a nucleotidesequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the addition of aC-13-glucose to steviol, whereby expression of the nucleotide sequenceconfers on the microorganism the ability to produce at leaststeviolmonoside.
 7. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 5,wherein the microorganism comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide capable of catalyzing the addition of a glucose at C-13position of steviol or steviolmonoside, whereby expression of thenucleotide sequence confers on the microorganism the ability to produceat least steviolbioside.
 8. A recombinant microorganism according toclaim 5, wherein the microorganism comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the addition of aC-19-glucose to steviolbioside, whereby expression of the nucleotidesequence confers on the microorganism the ability to produce at leaststevioside.
 9. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 5, whereinthe microorganism comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidecapable of catalyzing glucosylation of the C-3′ of the glucose at theC-13 position of stevioside, whereby expression of the nucleotidesequence confers on the microorganism the ability to produce at leastrebaudioside A.
 10. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 5,wherein the microorganism comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide capable of catalyzing the glucosylation of stevioside orrebaudioside A, whereby expression of the nucleotide sequence confers onthe microorganism the ability to produce at least rebaudioside D.
 11. Arecombinant microorganism according to claim 5, wherein themicroorganism comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidecapable of catalyzing the glucosylation of stevioside, wherebyexpression of the nucleotide sequence confers on the microorganism theability to produce at least rebaudioside E.
 12. A recombinantmicroorganism according to claim 5, wherein the microorganism comprisesa nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing theglucosylation of rebaudioside E, whereby expression of the nucleotidesequence confers on the microorganism the ability to produce at leastrebaudioside D.
 13. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 1,wherein the microorganism is capable of expressing a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase activity.14. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, which is capableof expressing one or more of: a. a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity, whereinsaid nucleotide sequence comprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity, saidpolypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4,6, 8, 18, 20, 60 or 62; ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at leastabout 15% sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 19, 59, 61, 141, 142, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159, 160, 182or 184; iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand of whichhybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or (ii); or iv.a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acidmolecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the degeneracy of the geneticcode, b. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having ent-Kaurenesynthase activity, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises: i. anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene synthaseactivity, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has atleast about 20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNOs: 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 64 or 66; ii. a nucleotide sequence thathas at least about 15% sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID NOs: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 63, 65, 143, 144, 155, 156, 157, 158,159, 160, 183 or 184; iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementarystrand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i)or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence ofa nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the degeneracy ofthe genetic code, c. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havingent-Kaurene oxidase activity, wherein said nucleotide sequencecomprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havingent-Kaurene oxidase activity, said polypeptide comprising an amino acidsequence that has at least about 20% sequence identity with the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 24, 26, 68 or 86; ii. a nucleotidesequence that has at least about 15% sequence identity with thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 21, 23, 25, 67, 85, 145, 161, 162,163, 180 or 186; iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementary strand ofwhich hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i) or (ii);or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence of anucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the degeneracy of thegenetic code; or d. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havingkaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity, wherein said nucleotide sequencecomprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havingkaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity, said polypeptide comprising anamino acid sequence that has at least about 20% sequence identity withthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30, 32, 34, 70, 90, 92, 94,96 or 98; ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15% sequenceidentity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 29, 31, 33, 69,89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 146, 164, 165, 166, 167 or 185; iii. a nucleotidesequence the complementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acidmolecule of sequence of (i) or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence whichdiffers from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or(iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
 15. A recombinantmicroorganism according to claim 5, which is capable of expressing anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing theaddition of a glucose at the C-13 position of steviol, wherein saidnucleotide comprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidecapable of catalyzing the addition of a glucose at the C-13 position ofsteviol, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has atleast about 20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNOs: 36, 38 or 72; ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15%sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37,71, 147, 168, 169, 189; iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementarystrand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i)or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence ofa nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the degeneracy ofthe genetic code.
 16. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 5,which is capable of expressing a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide capable of catalyzing the addition of a glucose at the C-13position of steviolmonoside, wherein said nucleotide comprises: i. anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing theaddition of a glucose at the C-13 position of steviolmonoside, saidpolypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 88,100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112; ii. a nucleotide sequence that has atleast about 15% sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ IDNOs: 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 181 or 192; iii. a nucleotidesequence the complementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acidmolecule of sequence of (i) or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence whichdiffers from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or(iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
 17. A recombinantmicroorganism according to claim 5, which is capable of expressing anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzing theaddition of a glucose at the C-19 position of steviolbioside, whereinsaid nucleotide sequence comprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide capable of catalyzing the addition of a glucose at the C-19position of steviolbioside, said polypeptide comprising an amino acidsequence that has at least about 20% sequence identity with the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 or 74; ii. a nucleotidesequence that has at least about 15% sequence identity with thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 73, 148, 170,171, 172, 173, 174 or 190; iii. a nucleotide sequence the complementarystrand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of sequence of (i)or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs from the sequence ofa nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to the degeneracy ofthe genetic code.
 18. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 5,which expresses a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable ofcatalyzing glucosylation of the C-3′ of the glucose at the C-13 positionof stevioside, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises: i. anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalyzingglucosylation of the C-3′ of the glucose at the C-13 position ofstevioside, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that hasat least about 20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQID NOs: 50, 52 or 76; ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about15% sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 49, 51or 75, 149, 175, 176 or 191; iii. a nucleotide sequence thecomplementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule ofsequence of (i) or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs fromthe sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to thedegeneracy of the genetic code.
 19. A recombinant microorganismaccording to claim 5, which expresses a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide capable of catalysing one or more of: the glucosylation ofstevioside or rebaudioside A to rebaudioside D; the glucosylation ofstevioside to rebaudioside E; or the glucosylation of rebaudioside E torebaudioside D, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises: i. anucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide capable of catalysing one ormore of: the glucosylation of stevioside or rebaudioside A torebaudioside D; the glucosylation of stevioside to rebaudioside E; orthe glucosylation of rebaudioside E to rebaudioside D, said polypeptidecomprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about 20% sequenceidentity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 100, 102, 104,106, 108, 110, 112; ii. a nucleotide sequence that has at least about15% sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 87,99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 181 or 192; iii. a nucleotide sequencethe complementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid moleculeof sequence of (i) or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differsfrom the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) dueto the degeneracy of the genetic code.
 20. A recombinant microorganismaccording to claim 1, wherein the microorganism belongs to one of thegenera Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Candida,Hansenula, Humicola, Trichosporon, Brettanomyces, Pachysolen, Yarrowia,Yamadazyma or Escherichia.
 21. A recombinant microorganism according toclaim 20, wherein the microorganism is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell,a Yarrowia lipolitica cell or an Escherichia coli cell.
 22. Arecombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein the ability ofthe microorganism to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) isupregulated.
 23. A recombinant microorganism according to claim 22,comprising one or more nucleotide sequence(s) encodinghydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetaseand geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, whereby expression of thenucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) on the microorganism the ability toproduce elevated levels of GGPP.
 24. A recombinant microorganismaccording to claim 22, which is capable of expressing one or more of: a.a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havinghydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, wherein said nucleotidesequence comprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidehaving hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, said polypeptidecomprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about 20% sequenceidentity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; ii. a nucleotidesequence that has at least about 15% sequence identity with thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; iii. a nucleotide sequence thecomplementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule ofsequence of (i) or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differs fromthe sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) due to thedegeneracy of the genetic code, b. a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase activity, whereinsaid nucleotide sequence comprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthetase activity, saidpolypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; ii.a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15% sequence identity withthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 81; iii. a nucleotide sequencethe complementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid moleculeof sequence of (i) or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differsfrom the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to thedegeneracy of the genetic code; or c. a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity, whereinsaid nucleotide sequence comprises: i. a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity, saidpolypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least about20% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; ii.a nucleotide sequence that has at least about 15% sequence identity withthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 83; iii. a nucleotide sequencethe complementary strand of which hybridizes to a nucleic acid moleculeof sequence of (i) or (ii); or iv. a nucleotide sequence which differsfrom the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii) or (iii) dueto the degeneracy of the genetic code.
 25. A process for the preparationof a diterpene or glycosylated diterpene which comprises fermenting amicroorganism according to claim 1 in a suitable fermentation medium,and optionally recovering the diterpene or glycosylated diterpene.
 26. Aprocess for the preparation of a diterpene or glycosylated diterpenewhich process comprises fermenting a recombinant microorganism capableof producing a diterpene or glycosylate diterpene in a suitablefermentation medium at a temperature of about 29° C. or less, andoptionally recovering the diterpene or glycosylated diterpene.
 27. Aprocess according to claim 26 for the preparation of a diterpene orglycosylated diterpene, wherein the fermentation is carried out at atemperature of about 28° C. or less.
 28. A process according to claim 26for the preparation of a diterpene or glycosylated diterpene, whereinthe fermentation is carried out at a temperature of about 27° C. orless.
 29. A process according to claim 26 for the preparation of aditerpene or glycosylated diterpene, wherein the fermentation is carriedout at a temperature of about 26° C. or less.
 30. A process according toclaim 26 for the preparation of a diterpene or glycosylated diterpene,wherein the recombinant microorganism is a recombinant microorganismcomprising one or more nucleotide sequence(s) encoding: a polypeptidehaving ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity; a polypeptide havingent-Kaurene synthase activity; a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene oxidaseactivity; and a polypeptide having kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylaseactivity, whereby expression of the nucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) onthe microorganism the ability to produce at least steviol, and whereinsaid recombinant microorganism has been modified in its genome such thatit results in a deficiency in the production of one or more of: (i) aphosphatase capable of acting on geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP)resulting in the formation of geranylgeraniol (GOH); (ii) a phosphatasecapable of acting on farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) resulting in theformation of farnesol and nerolidol; (iii) an exo-1,3-β glucanase; (iv)a glycogen synthase (or a polypeptide that influences glycogenaccumulation); (v) a transcriptional repressor of hypoxic genes (ROX1)(vi) an NADPH oxidase; or (vii) a monocarboxylate transporter (JEN1)(viii) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for by the open readingframe, YJL064w; or (ix) a polypeptide having activity as encoded for bythe open reading frame, YPL062w.
 31. A process according to claim 25 forthe preparation of a diterpene or glycosylated diterpene, wherein theprocess is carried out on an industrial scale.
 32. A fermentation brothcomprising a diterpene or glycosylated diterpene obtainable by theprocess according to claim
 25. 33. A diterpene or glycosylated diterpeneobtained by a process according to claim
 25. 34. A diterpene orglycosylated diterpene according to claim 33 which is rebaudioside A orrebaudioside D.
 35. A foodstuff, feed or beverage which comprises aditerpene or glycosylated diterpene according to claim
 33. 36. A methodfor converting a first glycosylated diterpene into a second glycosylatedditerpene, which method comprises: contacting said first glycosylatedditerpene with a microorganism according to claim 1, a cell free extractderived from such a microorganism or an enzyme preparation derived fromeither thereof, thereby to convert the first glycosylated diterpene intothe second glycosylated diterpene.
 37. A method according to claim 36,wherein the second glycosylated diterpene is rebaudioside A orrebuadioside D.
 38. A method according to claim 37, wherein the firstglycosylated diterpene is rebaudioside A and the second glycosylatedditerpene is rebaudioside D.